Table 2. Independent risk factors for antibiotic resistance and for multidrug resistance (N = 5,191 S. aureus isolates).
| Risk factors | Model 1: AMR | Model 2: Multidrug resistance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No resistance (0) versus resistance to at least one antibiotic (1) | Resistance to 0–2 antibiotic classes (0) versus multidrug resistance (1) | |||
| OR | 95% C.I. | OR | 95% C.I. | |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Age Patient (quartile 1 = ref category) | 0.88* | 0.82–0.94 | 0.96 | 0.86–1.06 |
| Gender Patient (male = ref category) | 0.97 | 0.85–1.11 | 1.21 | 0.97–1.50 |
| Number of GP visits (0 visits = ref category) | 1.13 | 1.00–1.28 | 1.20 | 0.99–1.45 |
| Work: Nursery | 0.84 | 0.54–1.29 | 1.87* | 1.07–3.26 |
| Work: Health care | 1.03 | 0.78–1.37 | 1.72* | 1.14–2.60 |
| Work: Livestock | 1.08 | 0.70–1.66 | 1.30 | 0.70–2.43 |
| Living with children (no = ref cat) | 1.18 | 0.96–1.45 | 1.03 | 0.76–1.40 |
| Skin condition | 1.0 | 0.79–1.26 | 0.89 | 0.59–1.36 |
| Prescriptions Total (quartile 1 = ref category) | 1.04 | 0.94–1.15 | 1.13 | 0.98–1.30 |
| % Penicillin (quartile 1 = ref category) | 1.09* | 1.00–1.18 | 1.0 | 0.90–1.11 |
| Random effect | ||||
| Country level variance (SE) | 0.148 (0.08) | 0.324 (0.177) | ||
| Practice level variance (SE) | 0.034 (0.024) | 0.008 (0.049) | ||
| Intercept | 1.168 (0.241) | -3.225 (0.355) | ||
*significant p<0.05