Table 3.
Association between smoking-related thoughts/microbehaviours and subsequent quit attempts – Generalized estimating equations (GEE) modelling results
| % Making quit attempts | Individual predictor analysis^ (7430 observations from 4532 individuals#) | Intermediate step (7416 observations from 4524 individuals#) | Fully adjusted analysis^ (6861 observations from 4315 individuals#) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted Odds ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted Odds ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted Odds ratio | 95% CI | ||
| Thinking about harm to you | |||||||
| Never/don’t know | 13.5 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Occasionally | 24.8 | 1.21 | 1.05 – 1.39* | .92 | .78–1.09 | .88 | .73 – 1.06 |
| Often | 37.6 | 1.77 | 1.53–2.06*** | 1.14 | .95–1.37 | 1.02 | .84–1.24 |
| Harm to others | |||||||
| Never/don’t know | 16.4 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Occasionally | 24.8 | 1.19 | 1.03 – 1.37* | 1.02 | .87–1.21 | 1.03 | .86 – 1.22 |
| Often | 35.7 | 1.50 | 1.31–1.72*** | .99 | .83–1.18 | .97 | .80–1.16 |
| Cost of smoking | |||||||
| Never/don’t know | 20.2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Occasionally | 37.2 | 1.29 | 1.13 – 1.48*** | 1.05 | .91–1.21 | .99 | .85 – 1.15 |
| Often | 59.1 | 1.68 | 1.42–1.97*** | 1.12 | .94–1.34 | 1.16 | .95–1.40 |
| Seriously consider quitting | |||||||
| Never/don’t know | 8.1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Occasionally | 33.4 | 2.03 | 1.79 –2.29*** | 1.83 | 1.60–2.09*** | 1.39 | 1.19 – 1.62*** |
| Often | 49.1 | 3.36 | 2.92–2.89*** | 2.67 | 2.27–3.14*** | 1.73 | 1.43–2.09*** |
| Butting out | |||||||
| No | 12.8 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 38.7 | 1.85 | 1.65 – 2.07*** | 1.43 | 1.27–1.62*** | 1.22 | 1.07 – 1.39** |
| Foregoing | |||||||
| Never | 16.7 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| At least once | 42.9 | 1.67 | 1.47 – 1.91*** | 1.25 | 1.08–1.44** | 1.11 | .95 – 1.29 |
Notes:
In “individual indicator analysis” only one smoking-related thought/microbehaviour variable (predictor variable) was included (controlled for city of residence, age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, highest level of education attained, annual household income, cohort, and wave); in “intermediate step”, all predictor variable listed in the table were included (and controlled for all the covariates as in “individual predictor analysis”); whereas in “fully adjusted analysis” we further added the following smoking-related variables: Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), self-efficacy of quitting, length of last serious quit attempt, and intention to quit.
The number in some analyses was slightly less due to missing cases.
CI: confidence interval. Ref: reference value.
Significant at p<0.05;
p<0.01;
p<0.001.