Table 1.
Summary of Articles Included in the Meta-Analysis
| Author(s) | N | Age | GLEs (M) | Language | Predictor(s) | RC Measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnes et al. (unpublished) | 41 | 16–64 | 0– above 12th (6.7) | N | LC, MA, OK, F, RD | WJIII PC, TABE-R |
| Binder et al. (2011) | 90 | 18–64 | NR | B | F, OK, PA, PD, RD | WJIII PC |
| Braze et al. (2007) | 44 | 16–24 | NR | NR | OV, F, LC, OK, PD, WM RD | PIAT-R RC*, GORT-4 C |
| Fracasso et al. (in press) | 63 | 18–83 | All literacy levels | B | LC, MA, OK, OV, PD | WRMT-R PC |
| Greenberg et al. (2010) | 98 | NR | Intermediate levels | B | OV, F, PD, RD | TABE-R |
| MacArthur et al. (2010) | 486 | 16–71 | 4th–7th | B | F, OK, PD, RD | NRC |
| Mellard et al. (2010) | 174 | NR | All NRS levels (5.0) | B | OV, F, LC, PD, RAN, RD, WM | WRMT-R PC |
| Mellard et al. (2012) | 296 | 16–25 | NRS levels 2–6 | NR | F, PA, PD, RAN, WM, OV, RD, OK | CASAS-R |
| Mellard (unpublished) | 202 | 16–26 | All NRS levels (4.7) | NR | OV, RD, PD | CASAS-R, TABE-R |
| Nanda et al. (2010) | 371 | 16–72 | 3rd–5th** | B | OV, F, PA, PD, RAN, RD | GORT-4 C, WJIII PC |
| Sabatini (1997) | 52 | 16–53 | NR | B | PD, RAN, RD | WIAT-RC |
| Sabatini et al. (2010) | 476 | 16–76 | Below 7th** | B | OV, F, LC, PD, RD | WJIII PC |
| Thompkins & Binder (2003) | 60 | 17–55 | Mean of 5th | B | OK, PA | TABE-R |
| Tighe (2012) | 136 | 16–73 | 3rd– above 12th (7.7) | N | OV, MA | TABE-R, TOSREC-9 |
| Tighe & Binder (2014) | 57 | 18–57 | 1st– above 12th (4.4) | B | MA, PA, PD, RD | WRMT-R PC |
| To et al. (in press) | 61 | 17–60 | 2nd– above 12th (7.1)** | B | F, MA, PD, RD |
Note: GLEs = grade level equivalencies. RC = Reading Comprehension. N = Native English Speakers. B = Both (Native and Non-Native English Speakers). NR = Not Reported. LC = Language Comprehension. MA = Morphological Awareness. OK = Orthographic Knowledge. F = Fluency. RD = Real Word Decoding. OV = Oral Vocabulary. PD = Pseudoword Decoding. RAN = Rapid Automatized Naming. WM = Working Memory. PA = Phonological Awareness. NRS = National Reporting System. WJIII PC = Woodcock Johnson Third Edition, Passage Comprehension subtest. TABE-R = Test of Adult Basic Education – Reading subtest. PIAT-R RC = Peabody Individual Achievement Test –Revised, Reading Comprehension subtest. GORT-4 C = Gray Oral Reading Test-Fourth Edition, Comprehension score. WRMT-R = Woodcock Reading Mastery Test-Revised, Passage Comprehension subtest. NRC = Nelson Reading Comprehension subtest. CASAS-R = Comprehensive Adult Student Assessment System-Reading scores. WIAT RC = Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Reading Comprehension subtest. TOSREC = Test of Silent Reading Efficiency and Comprehension, Grade 9.
Comprehension.
An abridged version of the measure was utilized.
GLEs are based on measures of word and pseudoword reading/word recognition skills (instead of reading comprehension skills).