Figure 1. Macrophages and monocytes are essential for bacterial control in Atg16L1^HM mice.

(a-b) CFU counts of bacteriuria (a) or 3dpi bladder homogenates (b) from Atg16L1^HM mice treated with clodrolip or control liposomes as displayed as mean Log¹⁰CFU/ml and SEM. For a, n=3 independent experiments, for a total of 12 clodrolip treated mice and 13 control liposome treated mice. For b, n=2 independent experiments, for a total of 9 clodrolip treated mice and 9 control liposome treated mice. Two-way ANOVA with matching by animal, ***P<0.001, with bonferroni post-test at individual time points (a), and unpaired T-test (b), * P<0.05. (c) ATG16L1 levels in BMDMs from WT and Atg16L1^HM mice as measured by western blot. (d) Western blot of p62 in samples of WT and ATG16L1-deficient BMDMs. Starvation (Starv) was used to induce autophagy. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, used as a loading control in (c) and (d). Data is representative of 3 independent experiments (c and d).