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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 11.
Published in final edited form as: J Physiol Paris. 2013 Apr 17;107(3):178–192. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.04.001

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Norepinephrine and the gating of auditory responses in NIf and HVC. (A) Interleaved air puffs (indicated by asterisks) to the bird’s skin completely suppress auditory responses in NIf (red) and HVC (blue) but have no effect on auditory responses in Field L (green). Auditory responses are measured as response strength with negative numbers signifying a suppression of activity relative to baseline. (B) Localized injection of high norepinephrine (5 mM) into NIf (top panel) causes a complete suppression of auditory responses in HVC evoked by the presentation of BOS. In contrast, injection of low concentrations of NE (0.5 mM) causes an increase in the evoked response as well as a suppression of spontaneous activity, effectively causing a large increase in response strength.