Resting macrophages were treated with 1μM HAs for 24 hours before phenotypic assessment was made. The schematic depicts the time course of the experiments (A). Low molecular weight HAs induced transcription of nos2 (B), decreased arg1 transcription (C), and enhanced tnf transcription (D) and TNF-a (E). High molecular weight HAs stimulated minimal il12b (F) transcription and enhanced il10 (G) transcription. Low molecular weight HAs enhanced transcription of cd80 (H) but did not change mrc1 (I) transcription in resting macrophages. Points represent mean plus or minus (±) standard deviation of three independent experiments. The symbols indicate significant difference (p-value less than 0.05) from the reference states, which are represented by corresponding colored dotted lines: resting macrophages (§; M), classically activated macrophages, stimulated with LPS (†; M(LPS)) or LPS and IFN-γ (‡; M(IFN-γ+LPS)), or alternative activated macrophages, stimulated with IL-4 (¶; M(IL-4)).