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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 13.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2015 Jun 15;1(7):481–493. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00181

Figure 4. Gene expression, cytokine secretion, and enzymatic function of classically activated macrophages (M(IFN-γ+LPS )) treated with HAs.

Figure 4

After plating, macrophages were classically activated with interferon-γ and LPS for 24 hours, after which media was replaced with media containing HAs for treatment (A). Expression of nos2 (B) and production of nitrite (C) was elevated in groups treated with low molecular weight HAs, whereas arg1 (D) and urea production (E) were elevated in groups treated with high molecular weight HAs. (B). Expression (F) and secretion (G) of tumor necrosis factor alpha was significantly reduced in groups treated with high molecular weight HAs. Expression of il12b (H) was elevated in groups treated with lower molecular weight HAs. High molecular weight HAs potentiated il10 expression (I), but did not change cd80 (J) or mrc1 (K) expression. Points represent mean plus or minus (±) standard deviation of at least three independent experiments. The symbols indicate significant difference (p-value less than 0.05) from the reference states, which are represented by corresponding colored dotted lines: resting macrophages (§; M), classically activated macrophages, stimulated with LPS (†; M(LPS)) or LPS and IFN-γ (‡; M(IFN-γ+LPS)), or alternative activated macrophages, stimulated with IL-4 (¶; M(IL-4)).