TABLE 1.
Demographic and Preoperative Characteristics and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes by Cardiac Class
| Variable | Overall (n = 1770) | Class I (n = 878) | Class II (n = 114) | Class III (n = 106) | Class IV (n = 672) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and preoperative characteristics | ||||||
| Cardiac diagnosis | — | |||||
| TGA/IVS | 13.3 | 26.5 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | — |
| TGA/VSD | 6.8 | 13.3 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | — |
| TOF | 9.4 | 18.7 | 0 | 1.9 | 0 | — |
| TOF/PA | 1.3 | 1.8 | 0 | 6.6 | 0 | — |
| TAPVC | 3.2 | 6.3 | 0 | 0.9 | 0 | — |
| VSD without IAA/coarctation | 8.4 | 16.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — |
| VSD with IAA/coarctation | 3.1 | 0 | 47.4 | 0 | 0.2 | — |
| AVC defects | 3.1 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 0.9 | 0 | — |
| HLHS | 31.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81.7 | — |
| Other functional single ventricle anomaly | 11.5 | 0 | 0 | 76.4 | 18.2 | — |
| Other | 9.0 | 11.2 | 42.1 | 13.2 | 0 | — |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.2 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.5) | .10 |
| Gestational age (wk) | 38.7 (1.9) | 38.8 (2.1) | 38.9 (1.8) | 38.4 (1.7) | 38.5 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Race | <.001 | |||||
| White | 84.0 | 83.7 | 82.5 | 76.4 | 85.9 | — |
| Black | 7.6 | 5.6 | 9.6 | 13.2 | 9.1 | — |
| Other | 8.4 | 10.7 | 7.9 | 10.4 | 5.1 | — |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 7.7 | 4.9 | 2.6 | 10.5 | 11.9 | <.001 |
| Female gender | 38.5 | 40.1 | 44.7 | 36.8 | 35.6 | .15 |
| Maternal education | <.001 | |||||
| Graduate school | 11.3 | 11.9 | 11.4 | 9.4 | 10.9 | — |
| Completed college | 24.4 | 26.3 | 28.9 | 5.7 | 24.1 | — |
| High school and/or some college | 38.8 | 38.7 | 33.3 | 34.0 | 40.5 | — |
| Less than high school | 8.3 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 3.8 | 8.5 | — |
| Missing or not specified | 17.2 | 14.6 | 16.7 | 47.2 | 16.1 | — |
| Genetic anomaly | <.001 | |||||
| Normal or not specified | 85.1 | 86.9 | 69.3 | 93.4 | 84.2 | — |
| Suspected genetic or major extracardiac | 6.6 | 2.9 | 6.1 | 1.9 | 12.2 | — |
| Definite genetic | 8.3 | 10.3 | 24.6 | 4.7 | 3.6 | — |
| Prenatal diagnosis | 38.5 | 16.1 | 28.4 | 49.2 | 70.0 | <.001 |
| Preoperative mechanical ventilation | 35.2 | 28.6 | 39.5 | 41.4 | 55.1 | <.001 |
| Neonate (age ≤30 d) at time of surgery | 71.9 | 53.1 | 80.7 | 53.8 | 97.8 | <.001 |
| Neurodevelopmental outcomes | ||||||
| Age at assessment (mo) | 14.5 (3.7) | 14.4 (3.9) | 15.6 (5.2) | 14.3 (4.0) | 14.6 (3.1) | <.001 |
| BSID-II | ||||||
| PDI | 77.6 (18.8) | 80.6 (18.3) | 79.2 (20.3) | 76.3 (17.8) | 73.7 (18.7) | <.001 |
| ≤85 | 63.5 | 57.7 | 62.9 | 73.8 | 69.4 | <.001 |
| ≤70 | 36.8 | 30.0 | 31.4 | 36.9 | 46.4 | <.001 |
| MDI | 88.2 (16.7) | 88.3 (16.1) | 86.0 (17.3) | 90.5 (14.8) | 88.0 (17.6) | .24 |
| ≤85 | 36.1 | 34.8 | 40.4 | 26.4 | 38.7 | .05 |
| ≤70 | 15.3 | 13.8 | 20.2 | 12.3 | 17.0 | .12 |
Values are expressed as % or mean (SD). Missing <10% of sample except prenatal diagnosis (n = 1541) and preoperative mechanical ventilation (n = 1305). P values were determined by χ2 tests for categorical variables and Kruskal–Wallis tests for continuous variables except the BSID measures, for which analysis of variance was used. Class I, 2 ventricles with no aortic arch obstruction; Class II, 2 ventricles with aortic arch obstruction; Class III, single ventricle with no arch obstruction; and Class IV, single ventricle with arch obstruction. AVC, atrioventricular canal; IAA, interrupted aortic arch; TAPVC, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.