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Encapsulated cell transplantation. Cells inside the capsule are supplied with sufficient nutrients and oxygen through a semi-permeable membrane. Catecholamine or designed neurotrophic factor can be secreted to the host tissue. Stiff envelope of the capsule prevents antibodies and immunoglobulin from affecting cells inside the capsule. GDNF: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.
