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. 2015 Aug 12;6:663. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00663

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At least a portion of this work is authored by Drs. Christopher J. Doona, Florence E. Feeherry, Kenneth Kustin, Gene G. Olinger and Alexander J. Malkin on behalf of the U.S. Government and, as regards Drs. Doona, Feeherry, Kustin, Olinger and Malkin and the U.S. Government, is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign and other copyrights may apply.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A,B) AFM images of B. atrophaeus spores exposed to a sterilization (6-log kill) dose of ClO₂ (500 ppm × 5 h = 2500 ppm-h). In (A) surface ridges extending along the entire length of spores (several surface ridges noted by white arrows) are seen. In (B) high-resolution AFM image showing the regular rodlet structure (red arrow) and patches of an amorphous outermost layer (blue arrow), both characteristic to native, air dried B. atrophaeus spores.