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. 2015 Aug 12;6:663. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00663

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At least a portion of this work is authored by Drs. Christopher J. Doona, Florence E. Feeherry, Kenneth Kustin, Gene G. Olinger and Alexander J. Malkin on behalf of the U.S. Government and, as regards Drs. Doona, Feeherry, Kustin, Olinger and Malkin and the U.S. Government, is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign and other copyrights may apply.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Statistical modeling showing the probability, with 95% confidence, of a single B. thuringiensis spore surviving a ClO₂ dose range of 438–4106 ppm-h at 79% RH. The spore population of each strip is fixed at 1.2 × 10⁶, and n = 98 each for strips contained in Tyvek or with no packaging. In the figure, the lighter set of dashed and solid lines represent the confidence interval for spore strips packaged in Tyvek or no packaging, respectively, while the middle bold lines represent the predicted probabilities. In this model, there is strong evidence of an effect of dose (p = 0.002) and no evidence of an effect of packaging (p = 0.76). (B) Statistical modeling showing the probability, with 95% confidence, of a single G. stearothermophilus spore surviving a ClO₂ dose range of 438–4106 ppm-h at 79% RH. The spore population of each strip is fixed at 1.0 × 10⁶, and n = 80 each for strips contained in Tyvek or no packaging. Lighter dashed and solid lines represent the confidence interval for spore strips packaged in Tyvek or no packaging, respectively, while the middle bold lines represent the predicted probabilities. There is evidence of an effect of dose (p = 0.02) and no evidence of an effect of packaging (p = 0.68). (C) Predicted probabilities of a single spore surviving for varying numbers of B. atrophaeus spores (1.2 × 10⁴ to 1.2 × 10⁷), with a D_EtO value of 3.1, in Tyvek (n = 152) and no packaging (n = 144) at 79% RH and ClO₂ dose ranging from 110 to 1991 ppm-h. There is strong evidence that increased dose decreases the probability of any strips having live spores (p < 0.01) and that as the number of spores on the strip increases, so does the probability of survival (p < 0.01). There is no evidence of a significant effect of packaging on survival of spores (p = 0.21), though there is some difference with a slightly higher rate of survival for spores packaged in Tyvek. (D) Predicted probabilities of a single spore surviving for varying numbers of B. atrophaeus spores (3.5 × 10⁴ to 1.5 × 10⁸), with a D_EtO value of 5.0, in Tyvek (n = 490) and no packaging (n = 350) at 79% RH and ClO₂ dose ranging from 110 to 1991 ppm-h. These results indicate that the probability of a strip having live spores after treatment increases with decreasing dose (p < 0.01) and with increasing numbers of spores (p < 0.01). There is no evidence of an effect of packaging (p = 0.21), although there is a slightly lower rate of survival for spores in Tyvek packagi.