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. 2015 Apr 10;6(1):10. doi: 10.1186/scrt546

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© Hu et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Transplantation of iMSCs-Exo improved blood flow and attenuated hind-limb ischemia. (A) Examples of the potential clinical outcomes after femoral artery excision: no necrosis (i), necrosis of the phalanges (ii), necrosis above the ankle joint (iii), and complete necrosis of the limb (iv). (B) At day 21 post-injection, the 3-group comparison showed a significant difference in the physiological status of the ischemic limb rated in three levels: limb salvage, foot necrosis, and limb loss (n = 20 per group). (C) Laser Doppler flow imaging showed dynamic changes in blood perfusion in limb ischemia of the 3-group at days 0, 7, 14, and 21 post-injection. (D) The ratio of blood flow in the left limb (ischemic) to right limb (non-ischemic) was gradually recovered in iMSCs-Exo transplanted mice at day 21 (^# P <0.05, day 0 versus 21); compared with the control group, there was significantly improvement in the ratio of blood flow at day 21 (*P <0.05, iMSCs-Exo group versus control group). (E) At day 21 post-injection, hematoxylin-and-eosin staining for ischemic muscle showed that muscle had structural integrity in the sham group (i), whereas in the control group, muscle had massive degeneration (ii); however, in the iMSCs-Exo group, muscle degeneration of the ischemic limb was largely protected (iii). (F, G) In the iMSCs-Exo group, compared with the control group, the scores of ambulatory impairment and tissue damage were significantly decreased at day 21 (*P <0.05, iMSCs-Exo group versus control group). iMSCs-Exo, exosomes derived from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells.