Table 2.
Diseases and conditions associated with pneumatosis intestinalis.
| Gastrointestinal | Vascular | Drugs |
|---|---|---|
| Pyloric obstruction | Ischemia | Corticosteroids |
| Bowel obstruction | Infarction | Chemotherapeutic agents |
| Peptic ulcer disease | Mesenteric vascular disease | Lactulose |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | Sorbitol | |
| Crohn disease | Autoimmune and systemic | Glucosidase inhibitor |
| Ulcerative colitis | Lupus enteritis | Chloral hydrate |
| Diverticulitis | Dermatomyositis | |
| Polyarteritis nodosa | Trauma | |
| Pulmonary | Scleroderma | Surgery, anastomosis or bypass |
| Asthma | Endoscopy | |
| COPD | Infectious | Penetrating or blunt injury |
| Cystic fibrosis | HIV and AIDs | Enema studies, barium or other |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | Cytomegalovirus | Mechanical ventilation |
| Rotavirus | ||
| Malignancies | Adenovirus | Idiopathic |
| Gastrointestinal carcinoma | Candida albicans | |
| Leukemia or lymphoma | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV and AIDs, human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.