Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants by frequency of Ready-to-eat Cereal Consumption (RTEC); the Cache County Study on Memory, Health and Aging
| Infrequent (<1 s/wk) (n=1067) |
Weekly (1-6 s/wk) (n=1900) |
Daily (>=1 s/d) (n=667) |
Pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RTEC (s/d) | 0.03 ± 0.34 | 0.45 ± 0.23 | 1.15 ± 0.73 | <0.001 |
| Age (yrs) | 74.99 ± 6.8 | 74.14 ± 6.5 | 75.57 ± 6.8 | <0.001 |
| Female (%) | 57.6 | 56.5 | 57.3 | 0.815 |
| BMI (wt in kg/ht in m2) | 26.04 ± 4.4 | 26.41 ± 4.5 | 25.88 ± 4.2 | 0.012 |
| Marital status (% married) | 66.9 | 73.0 | 68.6 | 0.003 |
| Ever regularly drink alcohol (%) |
18.8 | 15.0 | 14.2 | 0.003 |
| Ever regularly smoked (%) | 21.9 | 18.2 | 16.1 | 0.001 |
| Moderate physical activityb (%) |
68.1 | 71.2 | 70.1 | <0.001 |
| IADLc | 0.76 ± 1.4 | 0.67 ± 1.3 | 0.87 1± .5 | 0.004 |
| 3MS scores (1995) | 90.62 6± .6 | 91.73 ± 6.3 | 90.55 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
| Dietary intake (units/d) and other diet characteristics | ||||
| Energy (kcals/d) | 1815 7± 86 | 1967 7 ± 29 | 2138 ± 852 | <0.001 |
| Fat (% energy) | 32.0 ± 6.9 | 31.0 5 ± .8 | 29.4 6 ± .3 | <0.001 |
| Protein (% energy) | 17.6 3 ± .9 | 17.7 ± 3.3 | 17.2 ± 3.4 | 0.004 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 52.3 ± 8.6 | 53.7 ± 7.0 | 56.4 7± .4 | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat (gm/d) | 24.41 ± 6.6 2 | 23.31 ± 5.6 | 21.99 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
| Fiber (gm/d) | 17.5 ± 10.0 | 19.2 ± 9.2 | 22.5 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
| Folate (ug/d) | 253 ± 129 | 320 ± 135 | 420 ± 215 | <0.001 |
| Thiamin (mg/d) | 1.4 ± 0.29 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 2.02 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1.88 ± .89 | 2.2 ± 0.83 | 2.67 ± 1.22 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1.8 ± 0.88 | 2.2 ± 0.86 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 (ug/d) | 5.1 ± 4.2 | 6.2 ± 4.8 | 7.4 ± 5.9 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 139 ± 74 | 142 ± 71 | 146 ± 79 | 0.167 |
| Iron (mg/d) | 13.3 ± 7.0 | 16.4 ± 7.2 | 22.7 ± 15.5 | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 935 ± 396 | 975 ± 363 | 999 ± 400 | 0.001 |
| Whole grains (serv/d) | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Low fat dairy (serv/d) | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Sweetened dessert and beverages (serv/d) |
2.7 ± 1.6 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 2.6 ± 1.6 | 0.683 |
| Nuts and legumes (serv/d) | 0.43 ± 0.40 | 0.41 ± 0.39 | 0.40 ± 0.43 | 0.292 |
| Fruit and 100% juice (serv/d) |
2.7 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 0.676 |
| Vegetables (serv/d) | 3.7 ± 2.5 | 3.5 ± 2.1 | 3.3 ± 2.3 | 0.003 |
| Fish (serv/d) | 0.23 ± 0.21 | 0.24 ± 0.21 | 0.22 ± 0.22 | 0.460 |
| Meat (serv/d) | 1.26 ± 0.67 | 1.25 ± 0.58 | 1.14 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
| Whole-grain RTEC (% of RTEC)d |
32.8% | 73.9% | 81.9% | <0.001 |
| Multivitamin user (% yes) | 43 | 42.7 | 42.3 | 0.971 |
| Recommended food score (RFS) | 28.0 ± 8.9 | 30.4 ± 8.5 | 28.0 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
a
statistical significance of an analysis of variance or χ2 test
b
Participates in moderate physical activity at least two times per week
c
Index of instrumental activities of daily living – a higher index score indicates more help needed with activities of daily living
d
Whole-grain containing RTEC is defined as RTEC with > 25% of total grains as whole grains; the percent of participants who reported eating whole-grain containing RTEC.