Table 2. Odds ratios (95% CI) of having risk factors according to diagnosis of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes by HbA1c or FPG.
| Feature | Odds ratios (95% CI) 1 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-diabetes compared to normoglycaemia 2 | Type 2 diabetes compared to no diabetes 3 | |||||||
| HbA1c | P value | FPG | P value | HbA1c | P value | FPG | P value | |
| Male | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | <0.001 | 2.3 (1.7–3.0) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1.4–2.9) | <0.001 | 2.5 (1.5–3.9) | <0.001 |
| Age ≥60 | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 0.011 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.018 | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | 0.017 |
| Family diabetes history | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.182 | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | 0.043 | 4.1 (2.9–5.9) | <0.001 | 5.2 (3.3–8.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI ≥30 | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | <0.001 | 2.2 (1.7–3.0) | <0.001 | 3.1 (2.2–4.3) | <0.001 | 2.8 (1.8–4.4) | <0.001 |
| WC (HIGH) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 0.001 | 2.0 (1.4–3.1) | 0.001 | 5.4 (2.5–11.8) | <0.001 | 7.4 (2.3–23.5) | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides ≥1.7 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.134 | 2.1 (1.5–2.8) | <0.001 | 2.5 (1.8–3.6) | <0.001 | 2.8 (1.8–4.4) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (LOW) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 0.018 | 2.3 (1.7–3.3) | <0.001 | 4.6 (3.2–6.6) | <0.001 | 3.6 (2.3–5.7) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 0.019 | 2.6 (1.7–4.1) | <0.001 | 4.3 (2.8–6.5) | <0.001 | 4.1 (2.4–6.9) | <0.001 |
| BP ≥130/85 or Rx | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | <0.001 | 2.5 (1.8–3.5) | <0.001 | 3.0 (1.9–4.8) | <0.001 | 4.4 (2.2–8.6) | <0.001 |
| Insulin 75th percentile | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | <0.001 | 3.1 (2.3–4.2) | <0.001 | 6.5 (4.5–9.4) | <0.001 | 7.2 (4.4–11.7) | <0.001 |
| ≥3 MetS features 4 | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | <0.001 | 3.0 (2.2–3.9) | <0.001 | 6.1 (4.2–8.8) | <0.001 | 6.8 (4.1–11.2) | <0.001 |
| C3 5 | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 0.032 | 3.3 (2.2–4.9) | <0.001 | 3.1 (1.9–5.0) | <0.001 |
| CRP 5 | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.001 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.293 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.02 | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 0.032 |
| IL-6 5 | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | <0.001 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.005 | 2.8 (1.9–4.1) | <0.001 | 2.8 (1.7–4.6) | <0.001 |
| TNF-α 5 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 0.078 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.738 | 2.3 (1.6–3.3) | <0.001 | 2.7 (1.6–4.4) | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin 5 | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.004 | 2.0 (1.4–2.7) | <0.001 | 4.0 (2.5–6.2) | <0.001 | 3.2 (1.8–5.6) | <0.001 |
| Leptin 5 | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 0.014 | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | 0.026 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.48 |
| Resistin 5 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.305 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.391 | 2.4 (1.7–3.5) | <0.001 | 1.8 (1.1–2.8) | 0.012 |
| PAI-1 5 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.005 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 0.108 | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | 0.028 | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | 0.078 |
| WBC 5 | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | <0.001 | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 0.001 | 3.4 (2.3–5.0) | <0.001 | 3.3 (2.0–5.5) | <0.001 |
1Binary logistic regression. Gender adjusted for age (continuous), age ≥60 adjusted for gender, all other variables adjusted for age (continuous) and gender.
2Pre-diabetes: HbA1c ≥5.7% (≥39 mmol/mol) or FPG ≥5.6 mmol/l, models exclude subjects with type 2 diabetes: HbA1c ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) or FPG ≥7.0 mmol/l or physician diagnosis or Rx diabetes medication use.
3Models exclude 24 subjects that indicated a physician diagnosis or Rx diabetes medication use but who did not have positive HbA1c or FPG test results.
4MetS features: WC (HIGH), triglycerides ≥1.7, HDL-C (LOW), BP ≥130/85 or Rx and insulin 75th percentile.
5Threshold: above median level in the study population except adiponectin (below median level).