Table 3. Odds ratios (95% CI) of having risk factors according to diagnosis of pre-diabetes 1 by HbA1c alone, FPG alone, or by both HbA1c and FPG together.
| Feature | Odds ratios (95% CI) 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c alone | P value | FPG alone | P value | HbA1c & FPG | P value | |
| (N = 814) | (N = 62) | (N = 162) | ||||
| Male | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.006 | 3.3 (1.8–5.9) | <0.001 | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) | 0.005 |
| Age ≥60 | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | <0.001 | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 0.251 | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) | <0.001 |
| Family diabetes history | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.474 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 0.651 | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 0.013 |
| BMI ≥30 | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | <0.001 | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | 0.051 | 3.4 (2.4–4.9) | <0.001 |
| WC (HIGH) | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) | 0.011 | 2.6 (1.8–3.7) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides ≥1.7 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.267 | 2.5 (1.4–4.3) | 0.001 | 2.3 (1.4–4.3) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (LOW) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 0.095 | 2.5 (1.3–4.7) | 0.004 | 2.8 (1.8–4.3) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | 0.041 | 3.5 (1.6–7.8) | 0.002 | 3.5 (2.0–6.2) | <0.001 |
| BP ≥130/85 or Rx | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.012 | 2.2 (1.2–3.9) | 0.009 | 3.3 (2.2–5.1) | <0.001 |
| Insulin 75th percentile | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 0.002 | 3.4 (2.0–5.9) | <0.001 | 4.1 (2.8–5.9) | <0.001 |
| ≥3 MetS features 3 | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) | 0.003 | 3.0 (1.7–5.1) | <0.001 | 4.0 (2.8–5.8) | <0.001 |
| C3 4 | 1.8 (1.5–2.3) | <0.001 | 1.4 (0.9–2.4) | 0.17 | 2.2 (1.5–3.1) | <0.001 |
| CRP 4 | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.002 | 1.1 (0.7–2.0) | 0.640 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.017 |
| IL-6 4 | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | <0.001 | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 0.212 | 2.1 (1.5–3.0) | <0.001 |
| TNF-α 4 | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 0.096 | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.524 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.446 |
| Adiponectin 4 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.043 | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 0.373 | 2.6 (1.8–3.9) | <0.001 |
| Leptin 4 | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 0.345 | 2.0 (1.4–2.9) | <0.001 |
| Resistin 4 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.626 | 1.3 (0.7–2.1) | 0.389 | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.139 |
| PAI-1 4 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 0.008 | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 0.2 | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 0.014 |
| WBC 4 | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | 0.371 | 2.6 (1.8–3.7) | <0.001 |
1Pre-diabetes: HbA1c ≥5.7% (≥39 mmol/mol) or FPG ≥5.6 mmol/l, models exclude subjects with type 2 diabetes: HbA1c ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) or FPG ≥7.0 mmol/l or physician diagnosis or Rx diabetes medication use.
2Multinomial logistic regression, reference category: normoglycaemia by both HbA1c and FPG. Gender adjusted for age (continuous), age ≥60 adjusted for gender, all other variables adjusted for age (continuous) and gender.
3MetS features: WC (HIGH), triglycerides ≥1.7, HDL-C (LOW), BP ≥130/85 or Rx and insulin 75th percentile.
4Threshold: above median level in the study population except adiponectin (below median level).