Table 1. Weighted percentages and means for study variables from Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) 1998, spring kindergarten wavea.
| Second Generation | Third-Plus Generation | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Low English Proficiency (LEP) | High English Proficiency (HEP) | Gen. 1.0 | Gen. 1.5 | Total | |||
| Child Obese (BMI% ≥ 95) | 19.9 | 13.0 | 17.9 | 15.5 | 17.2 | 10.5 | 11.5 |
| p < .001 | p = .288 | p < .001 | |||||
| Mother's English Proficiency by Nativity | |||||||
| LEP second gen. | – | – | 74.5 | 28.0 | 61.5 | – | 9.1 |
| HEP second gen. | – | – | 25.5 | 72.0 | 38.5 | – | 5.7 |
| Third-plus gen. | – | – | – | – | – | – | 85.2 |
| Mother's Generation Statusb | |||||||
| Generation 1.0 | 87.2 | 47.6 | – | – | 72.0 | – | 10.7 |
| Generation 1.5 | 12.8 | 52.4 | – | – | 28.0 | – | 4.1 |
| Third-plus gen. | – | – | – | – | – | 85.2 | |
| Mother's Race/Ethnicity | |||||||
| White | 6.6 | 31.5 | 11.1 | 29.1 | 16.2 | 75.4 | 66.6 |
| Hispanic | 77.4 | 35.8 | 65.2 | 51.7 | 61.4 | 7.6 | 15.5 |
| Black | 1.2 | 13.5 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 14.1 | 12.9 |
| Asian | 13.4 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 8.9 | 14.0 | 0.5 | 2.5 |
| Native Americanc | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.2 |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1.2 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
| More than one racec | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.6 |
| p < .001 | p < .001 | p < .001 | |||||
| Mother's Education | |||||||
| Less than 9th grade | 30.8 | 4.7 | 26.5 | 5.9 | 20.8 | 1.0 | 3.9 |
| 9th–12th grade | 16.3 | 8.1 | 13.3 | 12.8 | 13.1 | 7.2 | 8.1 |
| High school diploma/GED | 28.0 | 22.3 | 24.5 | 29.1 | 25.8 | 31.5 | 30.6 |
| Some college | 14.0 | 34.8 | 17.5 | 33.6 | 22.0 | 34.9 | 33.0 |
| Bachelor's degree | 8.2 | 19.2 | 12.9 | 11.1 | 12.4 | 17.1 | 16.4 |
| At least some graduate school | 2.7 | 10.9 | 5.2 | 7.5 | 5.9 | 8.4 | 8.0 |
| p < .001 | P < .001 | p < .001 | |||||
| Log Household Income | 10.01 | 10.66 | 10.17 | 10.50 | 10.26 | 10.66 | 10.60 |
| p < .001 | P < .001 | p < .001 | |||||
| Mother's Marital Status | |||||||
| Never married | 13.5 | 9.8 | 11.7 | 13.0 | 12.1 | 12.8 | 12.7 |
| Married | 78.0 | 75.4 | 78.4 | 73.2 | 77.0 | 73.7 | 74.2 |
| Formerly married | 8.5 | 14.8 | 9.8 | 13.8 | 10.9 | 13.5 | 13.1 |
| p < .001 | P = .124 | p = .049 | |||||
| Birth Weight | |||||||
| Low | 4.8 | 9.0 | 5.6 | 8.5 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 7.0 |
| Average | 83.8 | 79.9 | 82.9 | 80.7 | 82.3 | 80.9 | 81.1 |
| High | 11.4 | 11.1 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 11.3 | 12.0 | 11.9 |
| p = .009 | P = .093 | p = .436 | |||||
| Mother's Age at Birth (years) | 27.7 | 29.1 | 28.6 | 27.3 | 28.2 | 27.7 | 27.8 |
| p < .001 | P < .001 | p = .027 | |||||
| Singleton | 97.9 | 97.3 | 97.8 | 97.4 | 97.7 | 97.6 | 97.6 |
| p = .608 | P = .728 | p = .886 | |||||
| Child's Age (months) | 73.6 | 73.9 | 73.5 | 74.2 | 73.7 | 74.9 | 74.7 |
| p = .294 | P = .003 | p < .001 | |||||
| Female | 47.6 | 49.6 | 48.1 | 49.3 | 48.4 | 48.8 | 48.8 |
| p = .438 | P = .689 | p = .789 | |||||
| Siblings | 1.73 | 1.48 | 1.68 | 1.52 | 1.64 | 1.44 | 1.47 |
| p < .001 | P = .010 | p < .001 | |||||
| Observationsd | 1,220 | 780 | 1,460 | 540 | 2,000 | 10,040 | 12,050 |
a
All percentages and means are weighted using ECLS-K and ECLS-B sample weights. Tests of statistical significance are reported for contrasts between HEP foreign-born and LEP foreign-born, generation 1.0 and generation 1.5, and foreign-born and U.S.-born; they adjust for stratification and clustering in the sample designs.
b
Generation 1.0 is defined as arriving in the United States at age 13 or older; generation 1.5 is defined as arriving in the United States prior to age 13.
c
Some cells are left intentionally blank to comply with NCES disclosure guidelines.
d
Observations are rounded to the nearest 50 to comply with NCES disclosure guidelines.