Table 2. Weighted percentages and means for study variables from Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) 2001, kindergarten wavesa.
| Second Generation | Third-Plus Generation | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Low English Proficiency (LEP) | High English Proficiency (HEP) | Gen 1.0 | Gen 1.5 | Total | ||||
| Child Obese (BMI% ≥95) | 28.2 | 15.4 | 24.9 | 21.8 | 24.2 | 15.1 | 17.0 | |
| p = .004 | p = .47 | p < .001 | ||||||
| Mother's Nativity by English proficiency | ||||||||
| LEP second gen. | – | – | 80.8 | 27.4 | 68.5 | – | 13.7 | |
| HEP second gen. | – | – | 19.2 | 72.6 | 31.5 | – | 6.3 | |
| Third-plus gen. | – | – | – | – | – | – | 80.0 | |
| Mother's Generation Statusb | ||||||||
| Generation 1.0 | 90.8 | 46.9 | – | – | 77.0 | – | 15.4 | |
| Generation 1.5 | 9.2 | 53.1 | – | – | 23.0 | – | 4.6 | |
| Third-plus gen. | – | – | – | – | – | – | 80.0 | |
| Mother's Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 6.4 | 22.0 | 10.5 | 14.1 | 11.3 | 69.2 | 57.6 | |
| Hispanic | 79.8 | 42.3 | 68.5 | 66.2 | 68.0 | 11.2 | 22.5 | |
| Black | 3.2 | 13.4 | 6.1 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 16.0 | 14.1 | |
| Asian | 10.5 | 21.0 | 14.4 | 11.6 | 13.8 | 0.5 | 3.2 | |
| Native Americanc | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.7 | |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islanderc | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1 | |
| More than one racec | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.8 | |
| p < .001 | p = .28 | p < .001 | ||||||
| Mother's Education | ||||||||
| Less than 9th grade | 23.4 | 2.6 | 19.4 | 8.2 | 16.9 | 0.9 | 4.1 | |
| 9th–12th grade | 18.0 | 7.1 | 14.2 | 15.8 | 14.6 | 8.9 | 10.0 | |
| High school/GED | 33.9 | 19.6 | 30.7 | 25.0 | 29.4 | 27.1 | 27.6 | |
| Some college | 14.7 | 36.2 | 16.7 | 37.5 | 21.5 | 33.7 | 31.3 | |
| Bachelor | 5.3 | 19.8 | 10.4 | 8.2 | 9.9 | 17.8 | 16.2 | |
| At least some graduate school | 4.7 | 14.7 | 8.6 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 11.5 | 10.8 | |
| p < .001 | P < .001 | p < .001 | ||||||
| Log Household Income | 10.03 | 10.75 | 10.22 | 10.40 | 10.26 | 10.53 | 10.47 | |
| p < .001 | P = .013 | p < .001 | ||||||
| Mother's Marital Status | ||||||||
| Never married | 21.9 | 11.9 | 16.5 | 26.5 | 18.8 | 19.7 | 19.5 | |
| Married | 68.7 | 76.2 | 72.8 | 65.1 | 71.0 | 68.9 | 69.3 | |
| Formerly married | 9.4 | 11.9 | 10.7 | 8.4 | 10.2 | 11.4 | 11.2 | |
| p = .007 | p = .096 | p = .547 | ||||||
| Birth Weight | ||||||||
| Low | 5.5 | 9.4 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 7.4 | |
| Average | 86.3 | 85.5 | 86.5 | 84.5 | 86.1 | 82.4 | 83.1 | |
| High | 8.2 | 5.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 10.0 | 9.5 | |
| p = .044 | P = .606 | p = .041 | ||||||
| Mother's Age at Birth (years) | 28.0 | 27.9 | 28.8 | 24.9 | 27.9 | 27.2 | 27.4 | |
| p = .87 | P < .001 | p = .023 | ||||||
| Singleton | 98.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 96.9 | |
| p = 67.5 | P = .728 | p = .886 | ||||||
| Child's Age (months) | .849 | 68.0 | 67.6 | 67.8 | 67.6 | 68.3 | 68.1 | |
| p = .268 | P = .74 | p = .003 | ||||||
| Female | 47.1 | 49.4 | 47.7 | 48.1 | 47.8 | 50.0 | 49.5 | |
| p = .61 | P = .93 | p = .282 | ||||||
| Siblings | 1.62 | 1.30 | 1.55 | 1.42 | 1.52 | 1.49 | 1.50 | |
| p < .001 | p = .115 | p = .65 | ||||||
| Mother's Pre-Pregnancy BMI | 24.5 | 24.0 | 24.1 | 24.9 | 24.3 | 25.1 | 25.0 | |
| p = .22 | p = .14 | p = .001 | ||||||
| Observationsd | 850 | 550 | 1,100 | 300 | 1,400 | 4,150 | 5,550 | |
a
All percentages and means are weighted using ECLS-B sample weights. Tests of statistical significance are reported for contrasts between HEP foreign-born and LEP foreign-born, generation 1.0 and generation 1.5, and foreign-born and U.S.-born; they adjust for stratification and clustering in the sample designs.
b
Generation 1.0 is defined as arriving in the United States at age 13 or older and generation 1.5 is defined as arriving in the United States prior to age 13.
c
Some cells are left intentionally blank to comply with NCES disclosure guidelines.
d
Observations are rounded to the nearest 50 to comply with NCES disclosure guidelines.