Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample households before (2008) and after (2010) the financial crisis; pooled cross-sectional data from the Mexican National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) 2008 and 2010
| 2008 | 2010 | Comparison 2008 v. 2010 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/count | se | Mean/count | se | P value | |
| Food security (%) | |||||
| FS | 56·9 | 0·005 | 60·5 | 0·006 | 0·001 |
| MiFI | 23·8 | 0·004 | 18·1 | 0·004 | |
| MoFI | 11·1 | 0·003 | 11·5 | 0·003 | |
| SFI | 8·2 | 0·003 | 9·9 | 0·003 | |
| Residence (%) | |||||
| Rural | 20·7 | 0·005 | 21·4 | 0·006 | 0·895 |
| Semi-rural | 13·1 | 0·005 | 13·7 | 0·006 | |
| Semi-urban | 14·1 | 0·003 | 14·5 | 0·005 | |
| Urban | 52·1 | 0·005 | 50·5 | 0·006 | |
| Income quintile (%) | |||||
| Q1 | 20·1 | 0·004 | 17·6 | 0·004 | 0·001 |
| Q2 | 20·4 | 0·004 | 19·5 | 0·003 | |
| Q3 | 19·7 | 0·003 | 20·7 | 0·004 | |
| Q4 | 20·1 | 0·004 | 20·5 | 0·003 | |
| Q5 | 19·7 | 0·003 | 21·7 | 0·004 | |
| Household size | 3·99 | 0·019 | 3·87 | 0·019 | 0·001 |
| Education (head of HH) (%) | |||||
| None or some primary | 30·9 | 0·005 | 28·5 | 0·005 | 0·026 |
| Primary completed or some secondary | 22·6 | 0·004 | 23·0 | 0·004 | |
| Secondary completed or some high school | 24·5 | 0·004 | 25·5 | 0·004 | |
| High school completed or more | 23·0 | 0·004 | 23·0 | 0·004 | |
| Gender (head of HH) (%) | |||||
| Female | 25·0 | 0·004 | 24·6 | 0·004 | 0·504 |
| Social security (%) | |||||
| Yes | 53·5 | 0·006 | 54·4 | 0·006 | 0·469 |
| Social health insurance (Seguro Popular) (%) | |||||
| Yes | 23·4 | 0·006 | 37·1 | 0·006 | 0·001 |
| Cash-transfer receipt (Oportunidades) (%) | |||||
| Yes | 15·7 | 0·005 | 16·6 | 0·005 | 0·418 |
| Cash grants for the elderly (70 y Más) (%) | |||||
| Yes | 5·1 | 0·002 | 5·0 | 0·002 | 0·701 |
| Remittances (%) | |||||
| Yes | 5·9 | 0·003 | 4·7 | 0·002 | 0·001 |
| Agricultural self-consumption (%) | |||||
| Yes | 13·7 | 0·004 | 10·9 | 0·003 | 0·001 |
| n | 29 468 | 27 654 | |||
FS, food secure; MiFI, mildly food insecure; MoFI, moderately food insecure; SFI, severely food insecure; HH, household.
Food security statistics 2010 differ slightly from other sources, since there is an over-sampled version of ENIGH 2010 (MCS-ENIGH, n 35 146) focused on portraying a more precise picture of income and sociodemographic variables; however, this alternative version does not collect data on expenditure which is key to our analysis. Ranges for income quintiles differ between 2008 and 2010 due to sampling differences. For 2008 ranges were: quintile 1, $MX 0–4214; quintile 2, $MX 4215–6709; quintile 3, $MX 6710–10 101; quintile 4, $MX 10 102–16 535; quintile 5, $MX 16 536–1 441 294. For 2010 ranges were: quintile 1, $MX 0–3645; quintile 2, $MX 3646–5838; quintile 3, $MX 5839–8707; quintile 4, $MX 8708–13 660; quintile 5, $MX 13 661–319 489 (all values expressed in real Mexican pesos ($MX), 2010). In 2008 there were five outliers with incomes higher than expected. This biases the upper limit of quintile 5. The results of further statistical analyses did not differ including or excluding these observations.