Table 2.

Biomarkers associated with mortality in ARDS patients

Categories	Plasma markers	No. of patients	Results	Reference
Endothelium
	VEGF	40	Elevated VEGF levels in ELF may predict a better outcome	[55]
	VEGF receptor-2	101	Independently predictive of death	[56]
	Angiopoietin-2	931	Independently predictive of death	[59]
	von Willebrand factor	559	Independently predictive of death	[60]
Epithelium
	Surfactant protein-D	565	Independently predictive of death	[62]
	ELF KL-6	32	Predictive of death	[63]
	RAGE	676	Predictive of death	[65]
	Clara cell protein (CC-16)	78	Predictive of death	[69]
Inflammation
	LTB4, IL-8	35, 39, 816	Predictive of death	[70–72]
	IL-2, IL-15	34	Predictive of death	[73]
	Decoy receptor (DcR) 3		Predictive of death	[75]
	Ratio of Tregs to all CD4+ lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)	47	Predictive of death	[79]
Coagulation
	Protein C	45, 779	Predictive of death	[83, 84]
	PAI-1	779	Predictive of death	[84]