Table 3.
Multinomial logistic regressions of gambling problems (reference category: non-gambling, OR = 1)
| Independent variables | Non-problem gambling | Risk-problem gambling | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | OR (95 % CI) | B | OR (95 % CI) | |
| Demographica | ||||
| Gender (male) | .199† | 1.22 (0.98–1.52) | 1.09** | 2.98 (1.98–4.49) |
| Living situation (lives not with both parents) | .113 | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | .283 | 1.33 (0.90–1.95) |
| Place of birth (Norway) | .187 | 1.21 (0.71–2.06) | −.214 | 0.81 (0.38–1.72) |
| Ethnicity (Norwegian) | .179 | 1.20 (0.70–2.04) | −.431 | .631 (0.30–1.31) |
| Personalityb | ||||
| Extraversion | .024 | 1.02 (0.88–1.20) | −.035 | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) |
| Agreeableness | −.199* | 0.82 (0.68–.984) | −.376* | 0.69 (0.51–0.92) |
| Conscientiousness | −.088 | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) | .143 | 1.15 (0.87–1.53) |
| Neuroticism | −.139† | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) | .058 | 1.06 (0.81–1.38) |
| Intellect/imagination | −.213* | 0.81 (0.66–1.00) | −.328† | 0.72 (0.50–1.03) |
| Impulsivity | .068** | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | .176** | 1.19 (1.11–1.29) |
| Sensation seeking | .297 | 1.35 (0.94–1.92) | 1.36** | 3.89 (2.08–7.29) |
| Motivationalc | ||||
| Attitudes toward gambling | .032** | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | .060** | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) |
| Future gambling intentions | .235** | 1.27 (1.11–1.45) | .667** | 1.95 (1.62–2.34) |
| Knowledge | .086 | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | .475** | 1.61 (1.28–2.01) |
| Sociald | ||||
| Parental monitoring | −.133 | 0.88 (0.73–1.05) | −.676** | 0.51 (0.38–0.67) |
| Father’s education (lower secondary) | .404* | 1.50 (1.05–2.14) | .632* | 1.88 (1.06–3.34) |
| Mother’s education (lower secondary) | −.088 | 0.92 (0.59–1.42) | −.436 | 0.65 (0.29–1.42) |
| Family cohesion | .059 | 1.06 (0.84–1.34) | .171 | 1.19 (0.80–1.77) |
| Family gambling history | ||||
| Gambled in lifetime | .169 | 1.18 (0.82–1.72) | −.189 | 0.83 (0.41–1.67) |
| Gambled once a month | −.163 | 0.85 (0.48–1.50) | .175 | 1.19 (0.45–3.16) |
| Gambled once a week | −.652† | 0.52 (0.27–1.01) | −.941† | 0.39 (0.13–1.17) |
| Pathological gambling | 1.48* | 4.39 (1.29–14.89) | 3.09** | 21.95 (4.37–110.26) |
| Family/friends’ approval | .417** | 1.52 (1.27–1.82) | 1.21** | 3.35 (2.44–4.59) |
| Healthe | ||||
| HADS anxiety | −.006 | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | .028 | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) |
| HADS depression | .012 | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | .117** | 1.12 (1.05–1.21) |
| Loneliness | −.016 | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | −.047 | .954 (0.90–1.01) |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
† p < .10; * p < .05; ** p < .01
a R 2 = .026 (Nagelkerke); Model χ 2 (8) = 39.26, p < .001
b R 2 = .062 (Nagelkerke); Model χ 2 (14) = 91.13, p < .001
c R 2 = .104 (Nagelkerke); Model χ 2 (6) = 162.71, p < .001
d R 2 = .097 (Nagelkerke); Model χ 2 (18) = 147.70, p < .001
e R 2 = .011 (Nagelkerke); Model χ 2 (6) = 16.01, p < .05