Table 2.

Laboratory studies evaluating bicarbonate administration in sepsis or acidosis. Studies are listed in chronological order, based on year of publication.

Reference	Country, year	Study design	Results
Garella et al. [14]	Providence, RI, USA, 1973	156 dogs, low, normal, or high bicarbonate concentration	Preexisting plasma bicarbonate concentration influences the apparent bicarbonate volume of distribution
Arieff et al. [16]	San Francisco, USA, 1982	Dogs with phenformin-induced lactic acidosis	Bicarbonate reduced portal vein blood flow, cardiac output, and pH in liver and erythrocytes
Benjamin et al. [17]	New York, USA, 1994	Experimental hemorrhagic shock in dogs, compared bicarbonate versus hypertonic saline versus Carbicarb	Bicarbonate moderately increased blood pressure, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption but not better than hypertonic saline
Goldsmith et al. [18]	London, UK, 1997	Human leukocytes in vitro	Sodium bicarbonate caused intracellular acidification
Levraut et al. [19]	Nice, France, 2001	Human hepatocytes in vitro	Sodium bicarbonate decreases intracellular pH, and intracellular pH changes are linked to pCO2 in surrounding fluid
Nielsen et al. [20]	Copenhagen, Denmark, 2002	31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in skeletal muscle of healthy subjects	Bicarbonate administration attenuated the reduction of intracellular muscle pH
Valenza et al. [15]	Milan, Italy, 2012	32 Sprague Dawley rats in four groups	Bicarbonate corrected acidosis in normoxic, normotensive rats, but effects of bicarbonate on pH different in rats receiving transient versus persistent lactic acid infusion