. 2015 Jul 30;2015:896314. doi: 10.1155/2015/896314

Table 6.

Bioactivities of C. odorata essential oils and extracts.

Bioactivities	Part used	Type of extracts	Dosage/Results	Suggested constituents with respective activities	References
Antimicrobial (i) Antibacterial (ii) Antifungal (iii) Antiprotozoal	(i) Whole plant (ii) Bark (iii) Leaf	(i) Essential oil (ii) n-Hexane (iii) Ethyl acetate (iv) Ethanolic (v) Methanolic (vi) Cyclohexane (vii) Petroleum ether (viii) Chloroform	(i) Well diffusion assay: 100–400 µg/well tested against variety of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi	(i) Linalool (ii) Linalyl acetate (iii) Liriodenine (iv) O-Methylmoschatoline (v) 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (vi) Methyl eugenol (vii) n/a (viii) n/a	[26]
			(ii) Disc diffusion assay: 200–400 μg/disc tested against variety of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi		[28]
			(iii) 0.23 mg/mL (MIC_90%) against S. aureus		[32]
			(iv) 12.5 ± 3.9 µg/mL (IC₅₀) against P. falciparum FcB1 strain		[33]

Antibiofilm	Flower	Essential oil	(i) 0.01% (v/v) showed 80% inhibition against biofilm for S. aureus ATCC 6538	(i) cis-Nerolidol (ii) trans-Nerolidol	[5]
Antibiofilm	Flower	Essential oil	(ii) Inhibit adherence phase of both clinical strains of S. aureus and K. pneumonia (2 logs reduction)	(i) cis-Nerolidol (ii) trans-Nerolidol

Antioxidant	(i) Bark (ii) Leaf (iii) Flower	(i) Ethyl acetate (ii) Methanolic (iii) Essential oil	(i) 79% DPPH inhibition tested at 50 ppm	(i) n/a	[26]
			(ii) 290.0 ± 13.1% of ferric reducing power at 0.5 µg/mL	(ii) n/a	[34]
			(iii) 63.8 ± 0.45% of DPPH inhibition	(iii) n/a	[30]
			(iv) 75.5 ± 0.51% inhibition in the β-carotene bleaching test (v) DPPH radical scavenging activity (80.06 ± 0.02%)

Insecticidal (i) A. aegypti (ii) C. quinquefasciatus (iii) An. Dirus (mosquitoes)	Flower	Essential oil	(i) Tested 1%, 5%, and 10% (w/v) on A. aegypti, C. quinquefasciatus, and An. Dirus, LC₅₀ values of 9.77%, 8.82%, and 4.99%, respectively	(i) n/a	[35]
			(ii) 10% in soybean oil exhibited oviposition-deterrent and ovicidal activities	(ii) n/a	[36]
			(iii) 0.1 mg/mL showed larvicidal activity against A. aegypti	(iii) n/a	[37]
			(iv) LD₅₀ at 52.96 ppm against immature stage of A. aegypti	(iv) n/a	[38]
(iv) Musa domestica (housefly)			(v) Prepared in ethyl alcohol, LT₅₀of 52.08 hours, and LC₅₀of 29.36% towards Musa domestica	(v) n/a	[39]
(v) R. speratus (termite)			(vi) 2 mg/filter showed 18.0 ± 5.8% and 94.0 ± 4.0% mortalities after 2 and 7 days of exposure	(vi) n/a	[40]
(vi) S. zeamais (agriculture pest)			(vii) LD₅₀value of 33.14 μg/adult	(vii) Linalool	[41]
			(viii) LD₅₀ value of 14.77 mg/L (vapour phase toxicity bioassay)

Insect repellent (i) A. aegypti (ii) C. quinquefasciatus (iii) An. dirus (mosquitoes) (iv) T. castaneum (beetle)	(i) Flower (ii) Leaf	Essential oil	(i) Prepared in soybean oil, ED₅₀ of 0.045, 2.149, and <0.003 mg/cm²against A. aegypti, A. dirus,and C. quinquefasciatus,respectively	(i) Linalool	[42]
			(ii) Protection time towards A. aegypti, A. dirus, and C. quinquefasciatus (8.4, 24.0, and 60.0 minutes, resp.)
			(iii) Prepared in ethyl alcohol, protection time against A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus (86.67 ± 10.40 and 126.0 ± 15.77 minutes) at 0.33 µL/cm²	(ii) n/a	[43]
			(iv) Strongest repellent effect at 5 μL/g of oats	(iii) n/a	[3]
			(v) 98% repellency after 2 and 4 hours exposure

Antimelanogenesis	(i) Flower bud	Methanolic	(i) Inhibition on melanin production in B16 melanoma 4A5 cells	(i) Canangaterpenes I (ii) (3R,3aR,8aS)-3-Isopropyl-8a-methyl-8-oxo-1,2,3,3a,6,7,8,8a-octahydroazulene-5-carbaldehyde	[8]
	(i) Flower bud		(ii) Terpenoid derivatives, canangaterpenes I (IC₅₀= 3.6 µM), and (3R,3aR,8aS)-3-isopropyl-8a-methyl-8-oxo-1,2,3,3a,6,7,8,8a-octahydroazulene-5-carbaldehyde (IC₅₀ = 2.5 µM)
	(ii) Seed		(iii) Inhibition on tyrosinase protein expression in mouse B16 melanoma cells	(iii) N-trans-Feruloyltyramine	[18]

Anti-inflammatory	(i) n/a (ii) Leaf (iii) Fruit	(i) Essential oil (ii) Methanolic (iii) Ethanolic	(i) Strong lipoxygenase inhibitory effect (~80%) at 0.5 μg/mL	(i) Linalool	[6]
			(ii) Inhibition on nitric oxide release in RAW264.7 (97.9 ± 14.6%) at 50 µg/mL	(ii) Linalyl acetate	[34]
			(iii) In carrageenan induced paw edema model, paw volume inhibition of 62.9% at 100 mg/kg	(iii) n/a	[44]

Sedative, relaxing, and harmonizing effect	n/a	Essential oil	(i) Reduced systolic and diastolic BP through sniffing	(i) n/a	[45]
			(ii) Decreased pulse rate and stress level
			(iii) Increased alertness
			(iv) Transdermal administration resulted decrease in both physiological and behavioural level	(ii) n/a	[46]

Effect on mood and cognitive performance	n/a	Essential oil	Reduced alertness mood and calmness but without increased cognitive performance	n/a	[47]

Spermatotoxic	Root bark	Ethanolic	(i) Immobilized rat's sperm within seconds	(i) A 52 kd protein	[48]
			(ii) 50 mg/100 g body weight/day reduced sperm motility	(ii) n/a	[49]
			(iii) 100 mg/100 g body weight/day caused 94% abnormal sperm morphology

Antihyperglycemic	(i) Leaf and stem (ii) Flower buds	(i) Dichloromethane (ii) Methanolic	(i) Alpha-amylase inhibitory effect with 22.6 ± 1.3% (leaf) and 25.3 ± 3.3% (stem) inhibition at 7.8 μg/mL	(i) n/a	[7]
Antihyperglycemic	(i) Leaf and stem (ii) Flower buds	(i) Dichloromethane (ii) Methanolic	(ii) Aldose reductase inhibitory effect, IC₅₀ at 1.2, 1.5, and 0.8 μM by canangaterpene I, (E)-[(1R,3R,5S,6S,8S)-6-hydroxy-1,3-dimethoxy-2-oxaspiro[4,5]decan-8-yl]methyl] caffeate, and canangafruiticoside E respectively	(ii) Canangaterpene I (iii) (E)-[(1R,3R,5S,6S,8S)-6-Hydroxy-1,3-dimethoxy-2-oxaspiro[4,5]decan-8-yl]methyl] caffeate (iv) Canangafruiticoside E	[23]

IC₅₀: half maximal inhibitory concentration.

LD₅₀: median lethal dose.

LT₅₀: median lethal time.

ED₅₀: median effective dose.

n/a: not available.