Table 4.
Risk ratios (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals for incidence of acute myocardial infarction on the first 3 days and the first week after clock shift. Significant risk ratios are highlighted in bold-face letters
| Spring transitiona | Autumn transitionb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 days | 1 week | 3 days | 1 week | |||||
| Model description | RR | [95 % CIs] | RR | [95 % CIs] | RR | [95 % CIs] | RR | [95 % CIs] |
| All | 1.102 | (0.972;1.250) | 1.077 | (0.981;1.182) | 0.981 | (0.858;1.121) | 1.025 | (0.928;1.133) |
| Men | 1.155 | (1.000;1.334) | 1.106 | (0.993;1.232) | 1.008 | (0.860;1.181) | 1.040 | (0.924;1.171) |
| Women | 0.957 | (0.738;1.240) | 1.001 | (0.831;1.205) | 0.914 | (0.708;1.18) | 0.986 | (0.814;1.195) |
| Age ≤65 years | 1.030 | (0.853;1.245) | 1.018 | (0.886;1.170) | 0.980 | (0.813;1.183) | 1.069 | (0.933;1.226) |
| Age >65 years | 1.184 | (0.983;1.426) | 1.145 | (0.997;1.316) | 0.980 | (0.807;1.192) | 0.977 | (0.841;1.135) |
| Working | 0.957 | (0.712;1.286) | 1.074 | (0.873;1.322) | 0.940 | (0.705;1.253) | 1.008 | (0.816;1.246) |
| Not working | 1.126 | (0.953;1.330) | 1.079 | (0.952;1.224) | 0.952 | (0.793;1.143) | 0.991 | (0.863;1.137) |
| Recurrent AMI | 1.049 | (0.792;1.389) | 0.994 | (0.807;1.225) | 1.319 | (1.029;1.691) | 1.270 | (1.048;1.539) |
| First AMI | 1.101 | (0.941;1.287) | 1.094 | (0.974;1.228) | 0.864 | (0.726;1.030) | 0.940 | (0.826;1.068) |
| Non-fatal AMI | 1.140 | (0.950;1.369) | 1.083 | (0.944;1.242) | 0.949 | (0.778;1.159) | 1.020 | (0.88;1.181) |
| Fatal AMI | 1.062 | (0.878;1.283) | 1.072 | (0.933;1.233) | 1.018 | (0.840;1.233) | 1.035 | (0.894;1.197) |
| Diabetes mellitus yes | 1.082 | (0.850;1.377) | 1.075 | (0.900;1.284) | 0.992 | (0.772;1.273) | 0.966 | (0.797;1.171) |
| Diabetes mellitus no | 1.040 | (0.878;1.233) | 1.039 | (0.917;1.178) | 0.944 | (0.790;1.127) | 1.026 | (0.900;1.169) |
| Hypertension yes | 1.067 | (0.898;1.267) | 1.062 | (0.935;1.205) | 0.942 | (0.786;1.13) | 0.972 | (0.847;1.114) |
| Hypertension no | 1.072 | (0.848;1.356) | 1.076 | (0.905;1.279) | 0.956 | (0.751;1.217) | 1.090 | (0.917;1.296) |
| Hyperlipidemia yes | 0.985 | (0.812;1.194) | 1.015 | (0.881;1.168) | 0.945 | (0.774;1.154) | 0.973 | (0.838;1.130) |
| Hyperlipidemia no | 1.175 | (0.955;1.446) | 1.113 | (0.952;1.300) | 0.950 | (0.763;1.182) | 1.034 | (0.880;1.216) |
| Body Mass Index ≤30 kg/m2 | 1.147 | (0.971;1.354) | 1.12 | (0.990;1.266) | 1.005 | (0.848;1.192) | 1.011 | (0.889;1.151) |
| Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2 | 1.007 | (0.816;1.242) | 1.016 | (0.871;1.186) | 0.932 | (0.748;1.161) | 1.049 | (0.895;1.230) |
| Current smoker | 0.841 | (0.62;1.1420) | 0.870 | (0.696;1.089) | 0.955 | (0.715;1.276) | 1.211 | (0.993;1.477) |
| Former smoker | 1.185 | (0.902;1.556) | 1.143 | (0.932;1.403) | 0.966 | (0.724;1.288) | 0.950 | (0.761;1.186) |
| Never-smoker | 1.071 | (0.797;1.440) | 1.106 | (0.893;1.369) | 1.009 | (0.749;1.359) | 1.080 | (0.869;1.342) |
| Antiplatelets yes | 1.204 | (0.932;1.554) | 1.140 | (0.939;1.385) | 0.906 | (0.688;1.192) | 0.932 | (0.756;1.148) |
| Antiplatelets no | 1.047 | (0.881;1.245) | 1.048 | (0.923;1.190) | 0.973 | (0.810;1.168) | 1.023 | (0.892;1.173) |
| Betablockers yes | 1.021 | (0.773;1.347) | 1.026 | (0.839;1.255) | 1.009 | (0.774;1.315) | 0.961 | (0.780;1.185) |
| Betablockers no | 1.119 | (0.945;1.324) | 1.095 | (0.966;1.242) | 0.935 | (0.779;1.122) | 1.012 | (0.885;1.157) |
| Calcium antagonists yes | 0.995 | (0.742;1.335) | 1.077 | (0.873;1.329) | 0.922 | (0.687;1.238) | 1.000 | (0.806;1.241) |
| Calcium antagonists no | 1.125 | (0.95;1.331) | 1.076 | (0.948;1.220) | 0.967 | (0.811;1.153) | 0.996 | (0.871;1.138) |
| ACE inhibitors yes | 1.489 | (1.151;1.927) | 1.297 | (1.063;1.582) | 0.781 | (0.562;1.086) | 0.928 | (0.732;1.177) |
| ACE inhibitors no | 1.036 | (0.865;1.241) | 1.059 | (0.928;1.208) | 1.010 | (0.839;1.214) | 1.015 | (0.882;1.168) |
| Lipid lowering drugs yes | 1.151 | (0.839;1.580) | 1.163 | (0.921;1.469) | 0.761 | (0.539;1.075) | 0.784 | (0.601;1.023) |
| Lipid lowering drugs no | 1.129 | (0.954;1.336) | 1.105 | (0.975;1.251) | 1.000 | (0.833;1.199) | 1.042 | (0.909;1.193) |
aSpring model adjusted for time trend and same day mean relative humidity as regression splines with six and three degrees of freedom, same day
bAutumn model adjusted for time trend and same day mean temperature as linear terms, same day mean relative humidity as regression spline with three degrees of freedom, and month and weekday as categorical variables
AMI Acute myocardial infarction; ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme