Table 3.
Comorbidities according to sex and lung function in subjects with obstructive airflow limitation
| Sex
|
Male
|
Female
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obstructive severity
|
Total
|
Mild
|
Moderate
|
Severe
|
P-value | Total
|
Mild
|
Moderate
|
Severe
|
P-value |
| Comorbidity | 1,434 | 664 (9.5%) | 695 (10.0%) | 75 (1.1%) | 674 | 290 (3.16%) | 347 (3.78%) | 37 (0.40%) | ||
| Smoking statusa | ||||||||||
| Never | 184 (12.8) | 81 (20.1) | 95 (20.7) | 8 (0.2) | <0.001 | 483 (71.7) | 203 (74.9) | 260 (77.4) | 20 (55.6) | <0.001 |
| Former | 214 (14.9) | 93 (23.0) | 102 (22.3) | 19 (36.5) | 60 (8.9) | 22 (8.1) | 31 (9.2) | 7 (19.4) | ||
| Current | 516 (36.0) | 230 (56.9) | 261 (57.0) | 25 (48.1) | 100 (14.8) | 46 (17.0) | 45 (13.4) | 9 (25.0) | ||
| Hypertension | 718 (50.1) | 326 (49. 6) | 353 (51.3) | 39 (52.7) | <0.001 | 317 (47.0) | 130 (45.3) | 166 (48.5) | 21 (56.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 248 (17.3) | 101 (16.2) | 136 (20.6) | 11 (16.7) | <0.001 | 81 (12.0) | 36 (14.0) | 42 (13.2) | 3 (8.6) | <0.001 |
| Anemia | 89 (6.2) | 41 (6.4) | 43 (6.4) | 5 (7.0) | <0.001 | 64 (9.5) | 32 (11.8) | 28 (8.5) | 4 (11.4) | 0.409 |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||||||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 184 (12.8) | 77 (12.4) | 101 (15.3) | 6 (9.1) | 0.111 | 121 (18.0) | 45 (17.7) | 69 (21.7) | 7 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 252 (17.6) | 108 (19.9) | 138 (24.3) | 6 (10.2) | 0.009 | 85 (12.6) | 42 (18.0) | 37 (13.5) | 6 (19.4) | 0.015 |
| Low HDL cholesterol | 502 (35.0) | 234(38.4) | 247 (38.2) | 21 (33.3) | <0.001 | 133 (19.7) | 62 (26.7) | 63 (22.1) | 8 (26.7) | <0.001 |
| High LDL cholesterol | 339 (23.6) | 148 (25.9) | 175 (28.3) | 16 (25.8) | <0.001 | 215 (31.9) | 84 (35.9) | 119 (40.1) | 12 (44.4) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | ||||||||||
| BMI <18.5 kg/m2 | 47 (3.2) | 11 (1.7) | 21 (3.0) | 15 (18.9) | <0.001 | 24 (3.6) | 7 (2.4) | 12 (3.5) | 5 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| 18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI <23.0 kg/m2 | 980 (68.3) | 492 (72.6) | 440 (66.3) | 48 (64.9) | 465 (69.0) | 209 (72.1) | 231 (66.6) | 25 (71.4) | 0.015 | |
| 23.0 kg/m2 ≤ BMI | 417 (29.1) | 171 (25.8) | 234 (33.7) | 12 (16.2) | 183 (27.2) | 74 (25.5) | 104 (30.0) | 5 (14.3) | <0.001 | |
| Osteoporosisb | ||||||||||
| Osteopenia | 22 (1.7) | 6 (1.0) | 15 (2.4) | 1 (1.4) | 0.256 | 29 (4.9) | 13 (4.9) | 14 (4.7) | 2 (5.9) | 0.862 |
| Osteoporosis | 13 (1.0) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 9 (12.5) | 30 (5.0) | 10 (3.8) | 18 (6.0) | 2 (5.9) | ||
| Osteoarthritisb | 117 (8.9) | 65 (10.5) | 47 (7.6) | 5 (6.9) | <0.001 | 109 (18.3) | 56 (21.3) | 51 (17.0) | 2 (5.9) | <0.001 |
Notes: Data are presented as numbers (percentages) for categorical variables.
The sums of some data do not equal the total due to missing data.
Data do not equal the total because evaluations for osteoporosis and osteoarthritis were only performed in subjects aged ≥50 years (male, obstructive =1,308; mild =619; moderate =617; severe =72; female, obstructive =597; mild =263; moderate =300; severe =34); normal = FEV1/FVC ≥70% and FEV1 ≥80% predicted; restrictive = FEV1/FVC ≥70% and FEV1 <80% predicted; obstructive = FEV1/FVC <70% predicted; mild = FEV1 ≥80% predicted; moderate =50% ≤ FEV1 <80% predicted; severe = FEV1 <50% predicted.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein.