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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 13.
Published in final edited form as: J Med Entomol. 2012 Nov;49(6):1430–1441. doi: 10.1603/me12103

Table 3.

Prevalence of common grackles, American robins, and eastern kingbirds having microfilarial infections, antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV), and concurrently microfilaremic and sero-positive to WNV (=dually exposed)

Species Microfilaremic (%) WNV seropositive (%) Dually exposed (%)
Common grackle 11/58 (19%) 36/54 (67%) 9/54 (17%)
American robin 4/26 (15%) 10/26 (33%) 2/26 (8%)
Eastern kingbird 1/3 (33%) 3/3 (100%) 1/3 (33%)

Red River Valley; northeast North Dakota and northwest Minnesota, summer 2005.