Table 5.

Summary of predictions tested for each of two communities of East African chimpanzees, the structurally despotic Sonso community and the more structurally egalitarian M-group

Prediction	Sonso	M-group	Prediction 10
1. Male aggression is a significant predictor of mating success	Yes	No	Yes
2. Males direct more aggression to cycling females	Yes	Yes	No
3. More aggressive males gain more matings	Yes	No	Yes
4. Male rank is associated with mating frequency	Yes	No	Yes
5a. Provision of meat significantly predicts male mating success	–	No	No
5b. Provision of grooming significantly predicts male mating success	No	Yes	Yes
6. Males groom cycling females more when they are fully swollen	No	Yes	Yes
7. Cycling females receive more grooming from males than they give	Yes	Yes	Partiala
Tests of Hemelrijk et al.’s (1990) hypothesis (M-group only)
8. Males groom females primarily in a mating context	–	No	–
9. Male grooming of females precedes mating	–	No	–
Tests of the male protector hypothesis (M-group only)
a. Females receive less aggression from males from whom they receive  more grooming	–	No	–
b. Females who receive more grooming overall receive less aggression  from males	–	No	–

We predicted that males of M-group should trade grooming and/or meat for mating access, whilst this trade should be absent amongst the Sonso males who should use sexual coercion instead. This was our prediction 10 and follows from biological market theory

^aAlthough cycling females received from males more grooming than they gave in both communities this was more pronounced in M-group, supporting prediction 10