Table 2.
Study details, length of stay
| Paper ID | Condition | Number of Admissions | Geographical Units (N)a | Mean Age (SD)b | Covariate Adjustmentc | Statistical Methods | Tested Cause | Untested Cause |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | ||||||||
| Claeys 2013 [55] | MI | 2,079 | Hospital (33) | 62 (13) | None | Raw Data | Case Mix | Discharge Planning |
| Graphs | ||||||||
| Canada | ||||||||
| Feagan 2000 [71] | Pneumonia | 858 | Hospital (20) | 69.4 (17.7) | A,S,C,O | Raw Data | Case Mix | Clinical Guidelines |
| Tables | Hospital Type | PC Access | ||||||
| % Variation Explained | Procedure/Drug Availability | |||||||
| Denmark | ||||||||
| Klausen 2012 [21] | Pneumonia | 12,753 | Hospital (22) | 65-74 (32.5 %) | A,S,C | Raw Data | Case Mix | Clinical Guidelines |
| 75-84 (40.6 %) | Graphs | Hospital Size | PC Quality | |||||
| >85 (26.9 %) | P-Values (Cox Regression) | Condition Volume | ||||||
| Spain | ||||||||
| Cabre 2004 [72] | Pneumonia | 1,769 | Hospital (27) | 66.4 (18.1) | A,S,C | Hierarchical Model Variance Estimates | Case Mix | SC Access |
| SC Quality | ||||||||
| Clinical Guidelines | ||||||||
| PC Quality | ||||||||
| Garau 2008 [73] | Pneumonia | 3,233 | Hospital (10) | 66 (18.5) | A,SC,O | Raw Data | Case Mix | None |
| Tables | ||||||||
| P-Values (Cox Regression) | ||||||||
| Pozo-Rodriguez 2012 [74] | COPD | 5,178 | Hospital (129) | 75 (IQR: 68–80) | None | IQR | None | None |
| UK | ||||||||
| Hosker 2007 [75] | COPD | 8,013 | Hospital (233) | 71 (IQR: 71–74) | None | IQR | None | None |
| Price 2006 [27] | COPD | 910 | Hospital (234) | N/A | A,S,C | IQR | SC Quality | None |
| ICC | Clinical Guidelines | |||||||
| Hospital Size | ||||||||
| Roberts 2002 [76] | COPD | 1,400 | Hospital (38) | 72 | None | Range | Case Mix | SC Quality |
| IQR | ||||||||
| Rudd 2001 [77] | Stroke | 6,894 | Health Region (10) | 75 (12) | A,O | Raw Data | Case Mix | None |
| Tables | SC Quality | |||||||
| P-Values (Kruskal-Wallis) | ||||||||
| US | ||||||||
| Brogan 2012 [78] | Pneumonia | 43,819 | Hospital (29) | 3 (IQR: 1–6) | None | Raw Data | Procedure/Drug Availability | None |
| Graphs | ||||||||
| Range | ||||||||
| Conway 2009 [28] | UTI | 20,892 | Hospital (25) | 1-2 mo (16.7 %) | None | Raw Data | Case Mix | Coding Quality |
| 2-6 mo (29.9 %) | Graphs | Clinical Guidelines | ||||||
| 6-24 mo | Condition Volume | |||||||
| (19.1 %) | ||||||||
| 2-12 y (34.3 %) | ||||||||
| Drye 2012 [79] | Heart Failure | 718,508 | Hospital (3,135) | >65 (100 %) | None | Raw Data | None | None |
| Graphs | ||||||||
| MI | ||||||||
| Range | ||||||||
| Pneumonia | ||||||||
| Krumholz 1999 [80] | Heart Failure | 905 | Hospital (49) | <65 (42 %) | A,S,C,O | Raw Data | Case Mix | SC Quality |
| >65 (58 %) | Graphs | |||||||
| % Variation Explained |
aNumber of geographical units
bMean age and standard deviation when available. Other counts represent percentage of patients in each age band
cA: Age, S: Sex, C: Case-Mix, O: Other
dPrimary Care
eSecondary Care