Table 1 .
Descriptive characteristics of included studies (N = 24 studies)
| Country / reference | Sample characteristics |
Outcome measures |
STROBE rating | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SD) age in years | Mean (SD) years since injury | Injury type | Lesion | Recruitment source | Depression | Psychosocial | ||
| United States22,30,31 | 116 | 42.5 (11.6) | 15.3 (11.3) | 38 paraplegia 72 tetraplegia 6 unknown | 46 complete 55 incomplete 15 unknown | Community | CES-D | Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors Perceived Social Support Scale | 20 |
| UK32,33,43,62 | 189 | 59.4 (8.2) | 36.0 (5.9) | 91 paraplegia 61 tetraplegia 37 paraplegia or tetraplegia | – | Inpatient & Outpatient | CES-D | Perceived Stress Scale | 24 |
| Australia34 | 60 | 36.2 (7.9) | 11.9 (7.2) | 30 paraplegia 30 tetraplegia | 49 complete 11 incomplete | Community | PHQ | Schedule of Recent Events Vocational Identity | 13 |
| USA35,58 | 100 | 56 (-) | – | 67 paraplegia 33 tetraplegia | – | Community | CES-D | Social Support Scale Perceived Control Scale | 15 |
| USA36–40,45 | 182 | 39.19 (13.5) | 7.3 (10.3) | 106 paraplegia 74 tetraplegia 2 unknown | – | Inpatient & Outpatient | IDD | Social Provisions Scale SCI Assertion Questionnaire Sickness Impact Profile Hope Scale Problem Solving Inventory | 17 |
| USA42 | 104 | 38.6 (2.1) | 7.9 (8.0) | 57 paraplegia 47 tetraplegia | – | Inpatient | BDI | State Anxiety Inventory Rotters Internal-External Scale Situational Control of Daily Activities | 20 |
| USA42,57 | 140 | 37.0 (11.5) | 10.6 (7.8) | 60 paraplegia 57 tetraplegia 23 paraplegia or tetraplegia | – | Community | CES-D | CHART Social Integration | 21 |
| USA44 | 74 | 41 (10) | 12.7 (9.8) | – | – | Community | CES-D | Coping Strategies Questionnaire Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory | 22 |
| USA18 | 244 | 43.1 (14.2) | – | 124 paraplegia 106 tetraplegia 14 unknown | 91 complete 92 incomplete 61 unknown | Outpatient & Community | PHQ | Lorig Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Environmental Rewards Observation Scale | 23 |
| USA46 | 64 | 44.6 (11.7) | 12.0 (10.8) | – | – | Outpatient | CES-D | Social Support Scale Perceived Stress Scale Isolation Index | 18 |
| USA47 | 61 | 40.9 (16.7) | 2.7 (5.7) | 25 paraplegia 36 tetraplegia | 22 complete 39 incomplete | Inpatient & Community | IDD | Satisfaction with Life Scale Mutual Communal Behaviours Scale | 18 |
| China48 | 100 | 37.7 (11.8) | 1.5 (-) | – | – | Inpatient & Outpatient | CES-D | Acceptance of Disability Scale Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support | 19 |
| USA50,51 | 97 | 40.4 (10.2) | 12.4 (6.5) | – | – | Oupatient | OAHMQ | Reciprocal Social Support Scale | 21 |
| USA52 | 208 | 36 (-) | 15 (−) | – | – | Inpatient | PHQ | Purpose in Life Scale Satisfaction With Life Scale Illness Perception Questionnaire | 17 |
| Canada53 | 47 | 40.6 (12.6) | 15.2 (11.7) | – | 29 complete 18 incomplete | Outpatient & Community | CES-D | Short-Form-36 Mental Component | 20 |
| Taiwan54 | 49 | 43.7 (11.7) | 11.8 (9.2) | – | 30 complete 19 incomplete | Community | CES-D | Lorig Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale | 21 |
| UK49,55 | 37 | 40.9 (-) | 9.9 (−) | 22 paraplegia 15 tetraplegia | 27 complete 10 incomplete | Outpatient | BDI | State Anxiety Inventory COPE Short-form Social Support Questionnaire | 18 |
| USA56 | 165 | 55.0 (12.3) | 17.9 (11.7) | – | – | Community | CES-D | Short-Form State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Satisfaction with Life Scale Short-Form Interpersonal Support Evaluation List Perceived Stress Scale Hassles Scale | 25 |
| USA59 | 107 | 33.04 (11.2) | 0.13 (12) | 48 paraplegia 59 tetraplegia | 48 complete 59 incomplete | Inpatient | IDD | Acceptance of Disability Scale | 19 |
| USA60 | 80 | 39.8 (14.3) | 8.1 (7.2) | 31 paraplegia 49 tetraplegia | – | Inpatient & Outpatient | CES-D | Attitudes Index Beliefs Scale Cognitive Beliefs Questionnaire | 15 |
| USA61 | 70 | 46 (11.7) | 8.1 (−) | 33 paraplegia 37 tetraplegia | – | Community | CES-D | West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory Social Support Questionnaire | 18 |
| Canada17 | 395 | 45.68 (14.1) | 13.5 (10.4) | 190 paraplegia 194 tetraplegia | 148 complete 240 incomplete 7 unknown | Inpatient, Outpatient & Community | PHQ | CHART Short-Form Social Integration Satisfaction with Life Scale | 18 |
| USA63 | 204 | 41.4 (13.7) | 10.5 (10.0) | – | – | Outpatient & Community | PHQ | Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Substance Abuse in Vocational Rehabilitation Screener | 24 |
| Netherlands64 | 279 | 51.1 (14.2) | 11.8 (10.7) | 152 paraplegic 113 tetraplegic 14 unknown | 115 complete 157 incomplete 7 unknown | Outpatient | PHQ-9 | Profile of Mood States Illness Cognitions Questionnaire Pain Coping and Cognitions List | 17 |
Abbreviations: CES-D = Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; IDD = Inventory to Diagnose Depression; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; OAHMQ = Older Adult Health and Mood Questionnaire; CHART = Craig Handicap Assessment Reporting Technique; USA = United States; UK = United Kingdom; — data not reported.