Table 3. Clinical characteristics of patients without chronic kidney disease stratified by SUDOSCAN-DKD score of 53.
| Patients with score ≤ 53 (n = 978) | Patients with score > 53 (n = 1692) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 67.2 ± 6.7 | 52.9 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 52.1 | 57.9 | 0.005 |
| Current/ex-smoker (%) | 30.9 | 28.0 | 0.111 |
| Metabolic parameters | |||
| Disease duration (years) | 11.1 ± 8.0 | 8.0 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 ± 4.0 | 26.4 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||
| Male | 91.6 ± 10.0 | 93.0 ± 10.4 | 0.011 |
| Female | 87.6 ± 10.6 | 88.4 ± 11.8 | 0.248 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.3 ± 17.6 | 129.6 ± 16.3 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.1 ± 9.8 | 78.9 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%/mmol/mol) | 7.3 ± 1.2 / 56 ± 9.2 | 7.5 ± 1.5 / 58 ± 11.6 | 0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.055 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.003 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.4 ± 1.4 | 13.9 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 105.4 ± 25.9 | 122.1 ± 27.6 | <0.001 |
| Urine ACR (mg/mmol) | 1.5 (0.6–5.5) | 1.1 (0.5–3.2) | 0.001 |
| Diabetic complications | |||
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 28.8 | 24.0 | <0.001 |
| Macroalbuminuria (%) | 8.4 | 6.4 | 0.059 |
| Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 23.4 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
| Sensory neuropathy (%) | 4.5 | 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | 14.0 | 7.2 | <0.001 |
| Medication use | |||
| ACE-inhibitors (%) | 26.7 | 25.0 | 0.336 |
| ARB (%) | 10.8 | 6.9 | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs (%) | 53.5 | 37.5 | <0.001 |
| Statins (%) | 41.5 | 36.2 | 0.007 |
| Insulin (%) | 17.8 | 18.3 | 0.761 |
| SUDOSCAN | |||
| Hand ESC | 43.4±21.3 | 61.0±20.6 | <0.001 |
| Foot ESC | 49.6±18.5 | 69.1±14.5 | <0.001 |
| SUDOSCAN Score | 43.5 ± 8.1 | 67.2 ± 10.8 | <0.001 |
mean±standard deviation, median (inter-quartile range), or percentages as appropriate
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; ESC, electrochemical skin conductance; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high density-lipoprotein; LDL, low density-lipoprotein.