Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants.
| Male (n = 53) | Female (n = 40) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 48.8 ± 8.9 | 53.2 ± 9.9 | 0.026 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 2.9 | 23.3 ± 3.0 | 0.017 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.4 ± 6.3 | 79.2 ± 7.6 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 125.0 (118.5, 131.0) | 122.0 (113.5, 136.5) | 0.456 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 85.1 ± 10.4 | 80.2 ± 11.5 | 0.036 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.006 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.576 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 0.103 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 2.2 (0.5, 3.5) | 0.8 (0.4, 2.9) | 0.141 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.7 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.167 |
| Current smoker | 24 (45.3) | 3 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Maximum TBR | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | 0.037 |
| VFA (cm2) | 113.9 ± 39.1 | 93.3 ± 33.4 | 0.009 |
| SFA (cm2) | 157.7 ± 49.4 | 205.5 ± 61.3 | <0.001 |
| PAT (cm3) | 238.4 (171.2, 287.0) | 186.0 (144.4, 267.4) | 0.022 |
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; TBR, target-to-background ratio; VFA, (abdominal) visceral fat area; SFA, (abdominal) subcutaneous fat area; PAT, pericardial adipose tissue.
Data with a normal distribution are shown as “mean ± SD”, and those without a normal distribution are shown as “median (interquartile range)”.
Only current smoker is expressed in N (%).