Table 3.
Adjusted effect of gap between household income or education levels and subjective social class on difference between HRQOL and QOL
| Difference between HRQOL and QOL | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household income | Education | |||||||||
| Estimate | SE | 95 % CI | P-value | Estimate | SE | 95 % CI | P-value | |||
| Gap between socioeconomic stratum and subjective social class | ||||||||||
| HH [High-High] | -3.625 | 0.944 | -5.476 | -1.774 | 0.000 | -3.115 | 1.215 | -5.497 | -0.732 | 0.011 |
| HM [High-Mid] | -1.233 | 0.454 | -2.123 | -0.344 | 0.007 | 0.351 | 0.565 | -0.756 | 1.458 | 0.534 |
| HL [High-Low] | 2.436 | 0.595 | 1.270 | 3.602 | <0.0001 | 5.398 | 1.009 | 3.420 | 7.375 | <.0001 |
| MH [Mid-High] | -2.572 | 1.907 | -6.310 | 1.167 | 0.178 | -1.559 | 1.264 | -4.035 | 0.918 | 0.218 |
| MM [Mid-Mid] | ref | ref | ||||||||
| ML [Mid-Low] | 4.186 | 0.473 | 3.258 | 5.114 | <0.0001 | 4.155 | 0.544 | 3.089 | 5.222 | <.0001 |
| LH [Low-High] | -2.875 | 1.976 | -6.749 | 0.998 | 0.146 | -1.697 | 1.417 | -4.475 | 1.081 | 0.231 |
| LM [Low-Mid] | -0.251 | 0.549 | -1.326 | 0.824 | 0.647 | 0.348 | 0.430 | -0.495 | 1.190 | 0.419 |
| LL [Low-Low] | 4.796 | 0.512 | 3.792 | 5.800 | <0.0001 | 4.670 | 0.445 | 3.799 | 5.541 | <.0001 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| ≤49 | ref | ref | ||||||||
| 50–54 | -0.026 | 0.568 | -1.140 | 1.087 | 0.963 | 0.002 | 0.568 | -1.112 | 1.115 | 0.998 |
| 55–59 | -1.881 | 0.587 | -3.031 | -0.730 | 0.001 | -1.832 | 0.587 | -2.983 | -0.681 | 0.002 |
| 60–64 | -2.473 | 0.611 | -3.670 | -1.276 | <0.0001 | -2.422 | 0.611 | -3.619 | -1.225 | <0.0001 |
| 65–69 | -2.311 | 0.656 | -3.596 | -1.026 | 0.000 | -2.260 | 0.656 | -3.546 | -0.975 | 0.001 |
| 70–74 | -2.953 | 0.734 | -4.391 | -1.514 | <0.0001 | -2.897 | 0.734 | -4.337 | -1.458 | <0.0001 |
| ≥75 | -3.613 | 0.755 | -5.093 | -2.133 | <0.0001 | -3.563 | 0.756 | -5.044 | -2.082 | <0.0001 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 0.304 | 0.416 | -0.511 | 1.120 | 0.464 | 0.296 | 0.416 | -0.520 | 1.111 | 0.477 |
| Female | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Residential region | ||||||||||
| Urban | 1.716 | 0.277 | 1.174 | 2.259 | <0.0001 | 1.700 | 0.277 | 1.157 | 2.242 | <0.0001 |
| Rural | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Income (Education) | ||||||||||
| Low | 0.057 | 0.499 | -0.922 | 1.036 | 0.917 | 1.540 | 0.445 | 0.668 | 2.411 | 0.001 |
| Middle | -0.330 | 0.478 | -1.267 | 0.608 | 0.540 | 1.292 | 0.362 | 0.583 | 2.002 | 0.000 |
| High | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Married | -2.179 | 0.396 | -2.955 | -1.404 | <0.0001 | -2.190 | 0.396 | -2.965 | -1.414 | <0.0001 |
| Single | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Employed | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.504 | 0.328 | 0.861 | 2.147 | <0.0001 | 1.510 | 0.328 | 0.867 | 2.153 | <0.0001 |
| No | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||
| Never | -1.355 | 0.432 | -2.202 | -0.509 | 0.002 | -1.340 | 0.432 | -2.187 | -0.493 | 0.002 |
| Former smoker | -0.848 | 0.480 | -1.788 | 0.092 | 0.078 | -0.817 | 0.480 | -1.757 | 0.123 | 0.089 |
| Smoker | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Alcohol use | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.043 | 0.346 | 0.366 | 1.720 | 0.003 | 1.066 | 0.346 | 0.389 | 1.743 | 0.002 |
| Former user | 0.004 | 0.486 | -0.949 | 0.958 | 0.993 | 0.006 | 0.486 | -0.947 | 0.959 | 0.990 |
| No | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Number of contact with friend | ||||||||||
| Never | -0.607 | 0.592 | -1.768 | 0.554 | 0.306 | -0.618 | 0.593 | -1.780 | 0.543 | 0.297 |
| 3-6 times a year | -0.625 | 0.522 | -1.649 | 0.399 | 0.232 | -0.628 | 0.523 | -1.652 | 0.396 | 0.230 |
| 1-2 times a month | 0.229 | 0.386 | -0.528 | 0.986 | 0.553 | 0.224 | 0.386 | -0.533 | 0.981 | 0.563 |
| 1-2 times a week | 0.313 | 0.337 | -0.348 | 0.974 | 0.354 | 0.329 | 0.337 | -0.333 | 0.990 | 0.330 |
| Every day | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Self-rated health | ||||||||||
| Good | 13.221 | 0.417 | 12.404 | 14.038 | <0.0001 | 13.183 | 0.416 | 12.366 | 13.999 | <0.0001 |
| Normal | 8.858 | 0.372 | 8.128 | 9.588 | <0.0001 | 8.804 | 0.372 | 8.076 | 9.532 | <0.0001 |
| Bad | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Depressive symptoms | ||||||||||
| Yes | -0.733 | 0.566 | -1.842 | 0.376 | 0.196 | -0.696 | 0.566 | -1.805 | 0.412 | 0.219 |
| No | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Number of chronic diseases | ||||||||||
| 0 | 1.948 | 1.080 | -0.169 | 4.065 | 0.072 | 1.971 | 1.080 | -0.146 | 4.088 | 0.068 |
| 1 | 1.038 | 1.133 | -1.182 | 3.258 | 0.360 | 1.056 | 1.133 | -1.164 | 3.277 | 0.351 |
| ≥2 | ref | ref | ||||||||
| Number of offspring | ||||||||||
| 0 | 3.458 | 0.848 | 1.796 | 5.120 | 0.000 | 3.506 | 0.847 | 1.845 | 5.167 | <0.0001 |
| 1 | -0.171 | 0.527 | -1.205 | 0.862 | 0.746 | -0.174 | 0.527 | -1.208 | 0.860 | 0.742 |
| 2 | ref | ref | ||||||||
| 3 | 0.003 | 0.358 | -0.698 | 0.705 | 0.992 | -0.018 | 0.358 | -0.720 | 0.683 | 0.960 |
| 4 | -0.216 | 0.482 | -1.160 | 0.728 | 0.655 | -0.228 | 0.482 | -1.173 | 0.716 | 0.637 |
| ≥5 | -1.394 | 0.528 | -2.428 | -0.360 | 0.010 | -1.412 | 0.528 | -2.446 | -0.377 | 0.009 |
| Year of survey | ||||||||||
| 2008 | -0.136 | 0.271 | -0.666 | 0.395 | 0.616 | -0.132 | 0.271 | -0.662 | 0.399 | 0.627 |
| 2010 | ref | ref | ||||||||