Table 1. Spectrum of renal lesions in HIV infection.

Kidney disorder	Associations/subtypes
Tubulo-interstitial disease
Acute kidney injury	Sepsis, toxins, drugs
Proximal tubular injury	Tenofovir, adefovir, codofovir, didanosine
Chronic tubular injury	Amphotericin, tenofovir, adefovir, cidofovir
Crystal nephropathy	Indinavir, atazanavir, sulphadiazine, ciprofloxacin, acyclovir (IV)
Interstitial nephritis	Infections (including HIV, BK virus), following ART, drugs
Glomerular lesion
HIV-FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) or “classic” HIVAN (HIV-associated nephropathy: FSGS with collapsing glomerulopathy, microcystic tubular dilatation, interstitial inflammation)	APOL1 risk variants
HIV-ICD (HIV-immune complex disease) (this group may have co-infection with Hepatitis B or C)	Mesangial proliferative Membranoproliferative (types I and III) Lupus-like Exudative-proliferative Crescentic IgA Membranous
Various glomerulonephropathies (this is a heterogeneous group with different etiologies)	Minimal change disease Membranous nephropathy Immunotactoid nephropathy Amyloidosis
HIV-TTP/HUS	TTP: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura HUS: Hemolytic uremic syndrome