Table 1. Main characteristics of studies included in this meta-analysis.
| First author, year, country | Gender (age) | Alcohol assessment | Outcome | No. of cases | No. of cohort | Duration of follow-up | Quality score | Adjustment variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karami et al., 2014, USA | MF (55–74, range) | Questionnaire | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | 408 | 107,998 (PR) | 11.4 y | 7 | Sex, race, hypertension, BMI, smoking status, and study center |
| Macleod et al., 2013, USA | MF (50–76, range) | FFQ | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | 249 | 77,260 (PR) | 8 y | 8 | Age, gender, race, BMI, smoking, fruit intake, vegetable intake, hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, and viral hepatitis |
| Lew et al., 2011, USA | M (50–71, range) | FFQ | Incidence of renal cell cancer | 1,348 | 293,466 (PR) | 8 y | 8 | Age, race, education, marital status, BMI, smoking, physical activity, hypertension, and intakes of protein and total energy excluding calories from alcohol. |
| Lew et al., 2011, USA | F (50–71, range) | FFQ | Incidence of renal cell cancer | 466 | 198,721 (PR) | 8 y | 8 | Age, race, education, marital status, BMI, smoking, physical activity, hypertension, and intakes of protein and total energy excluding calories from alcohol. |
| Kim, et al., 2010, Korea | M (40–69, range) | Health examination | Kidney cancer mortality | 74 | 919,199 (PR) | 5 y | 7 | Age, residential, smoking status, ≥3 times/week regular exercise, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar |
| Allen et al., 2009, UK | F (55, average) | Questionnaire | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | 1,141 | 1,280,296 (PR) | 7.2 y | 7 | Age, region of residence, socioeconomic status, BMI, smoking, physical activity, use of oral contraceptives, and hormone replacement therapy |
| Setiawan et al., 2007, USA | M (59.3, mean) | Questionnaire | Incidence of renal cell cancer | 220 | 75,162 (PR) | 8.3 y | 8 | Age, ethnicity, smoking, hypertension, and physical activity |
| Setiawan et al., 2007, USA | F (58.8, mean) | Questionnaire | Incidence of renal cell cancer | 127 | 85,964 (PR) | 8.3 y | 8 | Age, ethnicity, smoking, hypertension, andphysical activity |
| Ozasa et al., 2007, Japan | M | NA | Kidney cancer mortality | 28 | 427,155 (PY) | NA | 6 | Age and area of study |
| Ozasa et al., 2007, Japan | F | NA | Kidney cancer mortality | 12 | 642,381(PY) | NA | 6 | Age and area of study |
| Lee et al., 2007, International | MF (15–107, range) | FFQ | Incidence of renal cell cancer | 1,430 | 760,044(PR) | 7–20 y | 9 | Age, history of hypertension, BMI, pack-years of smoking, combination of parity and age at first birth, and total energy intake |
BMI, body mass index; No., number; MF, male and female; F, female; M, male; y, years; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; PR, person at risk; PY, person year; NA, not available