Table 1.
External Stimulants that Induce ROS Production.
| Stimulant | Organisma | ROS Sourceb | Effect of Stimulant | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peptide Growth Factors | ||||
| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) | Hs,M,R | NOXc | Proliferation | (40, 127–129) |
| Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) | Hs,M,R | NOX | Proliferation/Migration | (129–132) |
| Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) | B | NOX | Proliferation | (133) |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | P | L | Angiogenesis/Proliferation | (134) |
| Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) | H | ND | Proliferation/Migration | (135) |
| Insulin | M,R | NOX | Glucose uptake/transport | (136, 137) |
| Cytokines | ||||
| Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | M | NOX | Induction of immune response | (39, 42, 138) |
| Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) | Hs,M | NOX,L | Induction of immune response | (129, 139) |
| Interleukin-3 (IL-3) | Hs | ND | Induction of immune response | (135) |
| Interleukin-4 (IL-4) | Hs | NOX | Induction of immune response | (27) |
| CD28 stimulation | Hs | L | Induction of immune response/Proliferation | (140) |
| Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) | B,M,Hs | NOX | Apoptosis | (26, 28, 129, 133) |
| Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) | M | ND | Cell cycle arrest | (141) |
| Agonists of GPCRsd | ||||
| Angiotensin II (AngII) | R | NOX | Hypertrophy | (22, 142–144) |
| Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) | Hs | NOX,L | Proliferation | (145, 146) |
| Thrombin | Hs | NOX | Proliferation | (130) |
| Serotonin | Ha | NOX | Proliferation | (147) |
| Other Stimulants | ||||
| Wounding | Z | NOX | Leukocyte recruitment | (9) |
| Oxidative stress | D | MT | Differentiation | (33) |
| Reoxygenation after hypoxia | R | MT | O2•− burst | (43) |
a
B, bovine; D, Drosophila melanogaster; Ha, hamster; Hs, human; M, mouse; P, pig; R, rat; Z, zebrafish.
b
NOX, NADPH Oxidase; M, mitochondria; L, lipoxygenase; ND, not determined.
c
For many of these cases, the specific NOX isoform activated is unknown. Each NOX isoform demonstrates disparate tissue expression and continued studies will be required to elucidate the regulation of each NOX isoform in response to diverse external signals.
d
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs).