Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of the Study Population
| Covariate | Diabetic Patients, No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Did Not Develop OAG (n = 144123) |
Developed OAG (n = 5893) |
Total (N = 150016) |
|
| Age at plan enrollment, y | |||
| 40 to <45 | 9752 (6.8) | 227 (3.9) | 9979 (6.7) |
| 45 to <50 | 15069 (10.5) | 489 (8.3) | 15558 (10.4) |
| 50 to <55 | 21510 (14.9) | 858 (14.6) | 22 368 (14.9) |
| 55 to <60 | 27252 (18.9) | 1125 (19.1) | 28377 (18.9) |
| 60 to <65 | 24620 (17.1) | 999 (17.0) | 25 619 (17.1) |
| ≥65 | 45920 (31.9) | 2195 (37.3) | 48115 (32.1) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 70263 (48.8) | 2854 (48.4) | 73117 (48.7) |
| Female | 73860 (51.3) | 3039 (51.6) | 76899 (51.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| European ancestry | 106876 (82.5) | 4008 (74.6) | 110884 (82.2) |
| African ancestry | 9885 (7.6) | 716 (13.3) | 10601 (7.9) |
| Latino | 8130 (6.3) | 415 (7.7) | 8545 (6.3) |
| Asian American | 3356 (2.6) | 181 (3.4) | 3537 (2.6) |
| Other | 1253 (1.0) | 55 (1.0) | 1308 (1.0) |
| Education | |||
| <High school | 2417 (1.8) | 135 (2.4) | 2552 (1.8) |
| High school diploma | 56675 (41.6) | 2408 (42.8) | 59083 (41.7) |
| Some college | 51987 (38.2) | 2130 (37.8) | 54117 (38.2) |
| College diploma | 24894 (18.3) | 950 (16.9) | 25844 (18.2) |
| Advanced degree | 196 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 203 (0.1) |
| Geographic region of residence | |||
| Northeast | 21552 (15.0) | 943 (16.0) | 22495 (15.0) |
| Southeast | 60714 (42.2) | 2538 (43.1) | 63252 (42.2) |
| Midwest | 47769 (33.2) | 1742 (29.6) | 49511 (33.0) |
| West | 13981 (9.7) | 665 (11.3) | 14646 (9.8) |
| Net worth, $ | |||
| 0 to <25000 | 10847 (8.3) | 497 (9.2) | 11344 (8.3) |
| 25000 to <75000 | 9186 (7.0) | 382 (7.1) | 9568 (7.0) |
| 75000 to <150000 | 18177 (13.8) | 824 (15.2) | 19001 (13.9) |
| 150000 to < 500000 | 62335 (47.5) | 2471 (45.6) | 64806 (47.4) |
| ≥500000 | 30765 (23.4) | 1247 (23.0) | 32012 (23.4) |
| Ocular comorbiditiesa | |||
| Nonexudative AMD | 14653 (10.2) | 788 (13.4) | 15441 (10.3) |
| Exudative AMD | 2839 (2.0) | 197 (3.3) | 3036 (2.0) |
| Cataract | 78299 (54.3) | 3768 (63.9) | 82067 (54.7) |
| Pseudophakia or aphakia | 23024 (16.0) | 1372 (23.3) | 24396 (16.3) |
| NPDR | 39313 (27.3) | 1950 (33.1) | 41263 (27.5) |
| PDR | 12430 (8.6) | 800 (13.6) | 13230 (8.8) |
| Cataract surgery | 27752 (19.3) | 1706 (29.0) | 29458 (19.6) |
| Retina surgery | 16194 (11.2) | 1093 (18.6) | 17287 (11.5) |
| Other comorbiditiesa | |||
| Hyperlipidemia | 131020 (90.9) | 5415 (91.9) | 136435 (91.0) |
| Obesity | 31888 (22.1) | 1416 (24.0) | 33304 (22.2) |
| Dementia | 3508 (2.4) | 176 (3.0) | 3684 (2.5) |
| Depression | 11104 (7.7) | 419 (7.1) | 11523 (7.7) |
| Hypertension | 128920 (89.5) | 5484 (93.1) | 134404 (89.6) |
| Type 1 diabetesb | 53078 (36.8) | 2437 (41.4) | 55515 (37.0) |
| Adapted CCI score, mean (SD)c | 0.9 (1.5) | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.9 (1.5) |
| Other covariates, mean (SD) | |||
| Eye-related visits, No. | 1.6 (1.2) | 3.1 (2.4) | 1.6 (0.5) |
| HbA1c level, % of total hemoglobin | 7.2 (1.5) | 7.3 (1.7) | 7.2 (1.5) |
Abbreviations: AMD, age-related macular degeneration; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; NPDR, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; OAG, open-angle glaucoma; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
SI conversion factor: To convert HbA1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.
a
Some individuals may have more than 1 comorbidity, so percentages for comorbidities do not total 100%.
b
Characteristics of patients assigned this code suggest that this code may also be used for some patients with type 2 diabetes who are using insulin.
c
The adapted CCI score is an index of general health, with diabetes and dementia removed so they are not counted twice during analysis.