Table 4.

Distribution of reviewed studies by Kirkpatrick outcome levels and strength of findings

Kirkpatrick outcome levels	Studies (n)
1: Reaction	26
2A: Learning—change in attitudes	12
2B: Learning—change in knowledge and skills	13
3: Change in behaviours	6
4A: Results-change in the system/organisational practice	0
4B: Change in patient care outcomes	0
Strength of findings
Grade 1: No clear conclusions can be drawn; not significant	0
Grade 2: Results ambiguous, but there appears to be a trend	3
Grade 3: Conclusions can probably be based on the results	33
Grade 4: Results are clear and very likely to be true	27
Grade 5: Results are unequivocal	1