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. 2015 Aug 17;5:13070. doi: 10.1038/srep13070

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(a) Temporal variation of the non-dimensional principal velocity gradient (L₁) of a fully formed streamer. The experimentally obtained values (red dots) show an approximately constant trend (dashed red line); two points demarcated through dashed green ellipses were neglected as outliers (Inset) A point P was tracked on a fully formed streamer for calculation of the velocity gradient. Here U = 1.3 × 10⁻⁴ m/s (b) Time-averaged principal velocity gradient (L₁) of fully formed streamers as a function of flow speed (U).