Table 1.

List of parameters with units, values, and reference

Parameter	Definition	Units	Values	Reference
R	radius of the rotor	nm	20	(1)
$r_S$	radius of the stator	nm	2	—
${\ell }_P$	length of the proline hinge arm	nm	7	(13)
${\zeta }_S$	drag coefficient of the stator	pN⋅nm⋅s⋅rad−1	0.0002	—
${\zeta }_R$	drag coefficient of the rotor	pN⋅nm⋅s⋅rad−1	0.017	—
${\zeta }_L$	drag coefficient of the load	pN⋅nm⋅s⋅rad−1	0.0–10	(33)
${\varphi }_S$	angular position of the stator	rad	—	—
${\theta }_R$	angular position of the rotor	rad	—	—
${\theta }_L$	angular position of the load	rad	—	—
κ	hook spring constant	pN⋅nm⋅rad−1	1,000	(34)
N	number of stators	—	1–11	(33)
τ	rotor torque from stator	pN⋅nm	—	—
$f_n$	white noise	—	—	—
$\Psi$	electrostatic potential	—	1.5–2 kBT	—