Table 1. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of pGDM and controls.
| pGDM n = 42 | controls n = 35 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| clinical characteristics during previous pregnancy | |||
| GDM with/without insulin | 27/15 64.3%/35.7% | — | |
| clinical characteristics at postpartum study visit | |||
| NGT/PGT(IFG/IGT/IFG + IGT) | 21/21(7/10/4) 50%/50% (16.7%/23.8%/9.5%) | 35 100% | |
| age (years) | 37 [34–39] | 36 [32–38] | 0.242 |
| months post delivery | 8.8 [6.6–10.6] | 8.8 [6.9–10.2] | 0.914 |
| breast feeding at time of visit (full/partial/no) | 3/12/27 (7.1%/28.6%/64.3%) | 0/15/20 (0%/42.9%/57.1%) | 0.194# |
| primipara (yes/no) | 19/23 (45.2%/54.8%) | 19/16 (54.3%/45.7%) | 0.429## |
| hormonal contraception (yes/no) | 12/30 (28.6%/71.4%) | 5/29 (14.3%/82.9%) | 0.149## |
| regular menstrual cycle without hormonal contraception (yes/no) | 19/10 (63.3%/33.3%) | 12/17 (41.4%/58.6%) | 0.065## |
| bmi (kg/m2) | 27.0 [23.9–31.6] | 22.6 [21.3–26.2] | <0.001 |
| waist circumference (cm) | 86.0 [77.0–99.0] | 74.0 [70.0–86.0] | <0.001 |
| whr | 0.81 [0.77–0.87] | 0.79 [0.74–0.83] | 0.029 |
| body fatBIA (%) (n = 42/34) | 36.4 [29.9–42.5] | 30.3 [25.2–36.0] | 0.002 |
| systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120 [111–130] | 112 [105–123] | 0.006 |
| diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 [67–81] | 70 [64–79] | 0.060 |
| biochemical characteristics at postpartum study visit | |||
| Matsuda Index | 3.19 [2.27–4.35] | 7.31 [4.84–9.21] | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.65 [1.91–3.63] | 1.22 [0.81–1.91] | <0.001 |
| Disposition Index | 176.04 [126.54–233.28] | 309.52 [230.54–388.33] | <0.001 |
| triglycerides (mg/dl) | 89 [70–110] | 63 [52–87] | 0.001 |
| hdl cholesterol (mg/dl) | 55 [44–64] | 64 [56–75] | <0.001 |
| ldl cholesterol (mg/dl) | 107 [91–124] | 115 [97–133] | 0.346 |
| hsCRP (mg/dl) | 0.13 [0.03–0.40] | 0.06 [0.01–0.12] | 0.003 |
| gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/l) | 18 [13–22] | 13 [11–16] | 0.003 |
| hba1c (%) (n = 42/34) | 5.4 [5.3–5.6] | 5.3 [5.1–5.5] | 0.060 |
| leptin (ng/ml) | 13.50 [9.36–19.73] | 7.01 [2.48–12.28] | <0.001 |
Values are represented as median [Q1–Q3] or as n and %. Mann-Whitney U tests were used except for #Fisher Exact test and ##χ-square test. NGT = normal glucose tolerance. PGT = pathologic glucose tolerance. IFG = impaired fasting glucose. IGT = impaired glucose tolerance.