Table 2.
Results on changes in cellular, signaling and/or mechanical response to chondrocyte-seeded meshes for hydrostatic and direct compression (Fig. 2). PGA is polyglycolic acid; PEGT/PBT is polyethylene glycol terephthalate/polybutylene terephthalate; Sox9 is the gene that regulates chondrogenic differentiation; # is number; h is hours; h/day is hours per day; − is decrease or inhibition; = is no change or status quo; + is increase; ++ is highest increase. *-symbol implies pressure converted from strain, which is added in brackets; **loading was performed every other day for 1 h twice a day with 8 h rest in between
| Study | Cell source, cultivated construct, additive(s) | Magnitude (MPa) | Freq (Hz) | Loading (h/day) | Loading (# days) | Loading (total h) | Culture composition (change -, =, +) | mRNA response (change -, =, +) | Other findings (change -, =, +) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrostatic compression | |||||||||
| Carver 1999a (Carver and Heath 1999a) | Young equine Mesh nonwoven PGA 10 % Fetal bovine serum; 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid | 3.4 | 0.25 | 2 | 35 | 70 | + GAG | GAG increase strongest at 6.9 MPa for young | |
| = collagen II | |||||||||
| = # of chondrocytes | |||||||||
| 6.9 | + GAG | ||||||||
| + collagen II | |||||||||
| = # of chondrocytes | |||||||||
| Adult equine Mesh nonwoven PGA 10 % Fetal bovine serum; 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid | 3.4 | + GAG | Collagen II increase strongest at 6.9 MPa for young and adult | ||||||
| + collagen II | |||||||||
| = # of chondrocytes | |||||||||
| 6.9 | = GAG | ||||||||
| + collagen II | |||||||||
| = # of chondrocytes | |||||||||
| Carver 1999b (Carver and Heath 1999b) | Young equine Mesh nonwoven PGA 10 % Fetal bovine serum; 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid | 3.44 | 0.25 | 2 | 35 | 70 | + GAG | + E- modulus | |
| + collagen | |||||||||
| = # of chondrocytes | |||||||||
| Direct compression | |||||||||
| Démarteau 2003 (Démarteau et al. 2003) | Human Mesh PEGT/PBT Foam 10 % Fetal bovine serum; growth factor TGF-β1, FGF-2, PDGFbb | 0.3-0.6* (5 %) | 0.1 | 4 | 3 | 12 | + GAG | = Sox9 | Measured peak loading 0.018 MPa |
| = aggrecan | |||||||||
| = collagen II | |||||||||
| Hilz 2014 (Hilz et al. 2014) | Bovine, Mesh Polyurethane 25 % Fetal calf serum;50 μg/mL L-ascorbic acid | 1.2-2.4* (20 %) | 1 | 2** | 21 | 16 | + GAG | =Sox9 | |
| + aggrecan | +collagen II | ||||||||
| + collagen II | |||||||||
| El-ayoubi 2011 (El-Ayoubi et al. 2011) | Canine, Mesh poly-L-Lactide 10 % Fetal bovine serum | 0.6-1.2* (10 %) | 1 | 3 | 14 | 42 | + # of cells | ||