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. 2015 Jun 18;2:14. doi: 10.1186/s40634-015-0030-4

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

Definition of permanent plastic deformation before and after failure (Maas et al. 2013): creep deformations of the specimens were observed. This allowed defining permanent plastic deformations before (UPB) and after failure (UPA) as the irrecoverable displacement with respect to the initial instantaneous displacements