Table 1.

Characteristics of trials led by the authors

Lead author	Country	Clusters	Intervention	Main outcome(s)	Interview number
De Allegri [14]	Burkina Faso	33 geographical rural and urban clusters	• Offer of community health insurance	Health service utilization	1
Dreischulte [17] (DQIP study)	United Kingdom	40 general practice surgeries in two Scottish health boards	• Each practice received a visit providing education on targeted prescribing and training in the use of an informatics tool	Composite measure of high-risk prescribing	2
			• The informatics tool provided weekly updated feedback of targeted prescribing at practice level, prompting the review of individual clients affected, and summarising each patient’s relevant risk factors and prescriptions
			• Payments for practices: a US $560 upfront incentive and US $24 for each client reviewed during the intervention
Killam [35]	Zambia	Antenatal care clinics	• Antiretroviral therapy for HIV during antenatal care	Proportion of treatment-eligible women initiating antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy	3
Roy [58]	United Kingdom	Tuberculosis clinics in London	• Universal offer of HIV testing in tuberculosis clinics	Levels of HIV test offers, acceptance and coverage	4
Mouchoux [50] (CONFUCIUS study)	France	Three surgical wards	• Preoperative geriatric consultation	Postoperative delirium within seven days of surgery	5
			• Training of ward staff and Hospital Elder Life Program
			• Conferences about cases of delirium
Stringer [63] (BHOMA study)	Zambia	Catchment areas of primary health care centres	• Implementation of clinical protocols, forms, and systems by Quality Improvement (QI) team in primary health centres.	Overall mortality	6
				Under-five mortality
			• Monitoring of care and mentoring facility staff to improve quality.
			• Engagement of community health workers to refer and follow up clients.