Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of Chinese type 2 diabetic patients categorised by validated cutoff values of PHQ-9 and CES-D
| Total | CES-D <21 | CES-D ≥21 | p value | PHQ-9 < 7 | PHQ-9 ≥ 7 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 545 | 448 | 97 (17.8) | 449 | 96 (17.6) | ||
| CES-D score | 13.0 ± 8.6 | 9.9 ± 5.3 | 27.4 ± 5.6 | <0.001 | 11.0 ± 6.9 | 22.3 ± 9.5 | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 score | 3.5 ± 4.4 | 2.3 ± 2.7 | 8.8 ± 6.2 | <0.001 | 1.8± 1.8 | 11.2± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 54.6 ± 9.5 | 54.7 ± 9.7 | 54.4 ± 8.6 | 0.807 | 54.4 ± 9.4 | 55.4 ± 9.9 | 0.339 |
| Women | 225 (41.3) | 173 (38.6) | 52 (53.6) | 0.007 | 170 (37.9) | 55 (57.3) | <0.001 |
| Disease duration (years) | 6.0 (3.0,11.0) | 7.0 (3.0,10.3) | 6.0 (3.0,13.0) | 0.867 | 7.0 (4.0,10.8) | 6.0 (2.0-13.0) | 0.568 |
| Education | 0.555 | 0.073 | |||||
| Illiterate/primary school | 142 (26.1) | 117 (26.1) | 25 (25.8) | 113 (25.2) | 29 (30.2) | ||
| Middle school | 275 (50.5) | 222 (49.6) | 53 (54.6) | 222 (49.4) | 53 (55.2) | ||
| High school and above | 128 (23.5) | 109 (24.3) | 19 (19.6) | 114 (25.4) | 14 (14.6) | ||
| In employment | 307 (56.3) | 259 (57.8) | 48 (19.5) | 0.134 | 266 (59.2) | 41 (42.7) | 0.003 |
| Current smoker | 56 (10.3) | 49 (11.0) | 7 (7.2) | 0.271 | 43 (9.6) | 13 (13.5) | 0.249 |
| Exercise ≥3 times/week | 262 (48.1) | 216 (48.2) | 46 (47.4) | 0.887 | 217 (48.3) | 45 (46.9) | 0.796 |
| SMBG ≥ weekly | 278 (51.0) | 234 (52.2) | 44 (45.4) | 0.22 | 232 (51.7) | 46 (47.9) | 0.504 |
| Cardio-metabolic risk factors | |||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 4.4 | 26.1 ± 4.3 | 26.0 ± 4.9 | 0.802 | 26.1 ± 4.4 | 26.0 ± 4.6 | 0.902 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 130.6 ± 15.7 | 130.3 ± 15.5 | 132.3 ± 16.7 | 0.255 | 130.4 ± 15.6 | 131.7 ± 16.2 | 0.464 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.6 ± 10.0 | 79.3 ± 9.9 | 80.9 ± 10.5 | 0.158 | 79.5 ± 10.0 | 80.2 ± 10.2 | 0.510 |
| Waist circumference, men (cm) | 91.2 ± 10.5 | 91.1 ± 10.2 | 91.8 ± 12.1 | 0.713 | 91.3 ± 10.4 | 90.7 ± 11.3 | 0.742 |
| Waist circumference, women (cm) | 86.1 ± 11.1 | 85.8 ± 10.9 | 87.2 ± 11.7 | 0.421 | 85.8 ± 11.5 | 87.0 ± 10.0 | 0.475 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 7.7 ± 1.6 | 0.238 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 0.045 |
| HbA1c (mmol/L) | 58.6 ± 15.7 | 58.3 ± 15.2 | 60.4 ± 18.0 | 0.238 | 57.8 ± 14.2 | 62.4 ± 21.2 | 0.045 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.50 ± 0.88 | 4.48 ± 0.87 | 4.60 ± 0.91 | 0.247 | 4.52 ± 0.89 | 4.40 ± 0.84 | 0.200 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.34 ± 0.37 | 1.33 ± 0.37 | 1.35 ± 0.36 | 0.632 | 1.35 ± 0.37 | 1.30 ± 0.37 | 0.223 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.49 ± 0.71 | 2.48 ± 0.70 | 2.56 ± 0.75 | 0.284 | 2.51 ± 0.71 | 2.42 ± 0.72 | 0.324 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 109.0 ± 23.7 | 109.3 ± 23.4 | 108.1 ± 24.9 | 0.654 | 109.3 ± 23.8 | 108.0 ± 23.2 | 0.653 |
| Spot urinary ACR | 1.10 (0.48,4.02) | 1.09 (0.48,3.90) | 1.11 (0.51,4.56) | 0.442 | 1.05 (0.44,3.90) | 1.25 (0.62,5.03) | 0.096 |
| Hypertension | 430 (78.9) | 356 (79.5) | 74 (76.3) | 0.487 | 349 (77.7) | 81 (84.4) | 0.147 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 463 (85.3) | 383 (85.9) | 80 (82.5) | 0.345 | 380 (85.0) | 83 (86.5) | 0.717 |
| Albuminuria | 166 (30.5) | 136 (30.4) | 30 (30.9) | 0.912 | 135 (30.1) | 31 (32.3) | 0.667 |
| Diabetes-related complications | |||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 53 (9.7) | 42 (9.4) | 11 (11.3) | 0.554 | 40 (8.9) | 13 (13.5) | 0.164 |
| Retinopathy | 112 (20.6) | 91 (20.3) | 21 (21.6) | 0.786 | 95 (21.2) | 17 (17.7) | 0.448 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10 (1.8) | 8 (1.8) | 2 (2.1) | 0.695 | 8 (1.8) | 2 (2.1) | 0.689 |
| Sensory neuropathy | 13 (2.4) | 7 (1.6) | 6 (6.2) | 0.016 | 7 (1.6) | 6 (6.2) | 0.015 |
| Medication, target achievement | |||||||
| Use of insulin | 87 (16.0) | 73 (16.3) | 14 (14.4) | 0.65 | 73 (16.3) | 14 (14.6) | 0.684 |
| On OAD | 492 (90.3) | 402 (89.7) | 90 (92.8) | 0.358 | 402 (89.5) | 90 (93.8) | 0.206 |
| Use of antihypertensive drugs | 324 (59.4) | 269 (60.0) | 55 (56.7) | 0.543 | 261 (58.1) | 63 (65.6) | 0.704 |
| Use of lipid lowering drugs | 265 (48.6) | 223 (49.8) | 42 (43.3) | 0.247 | 208 (46.3) | 57 (59.4) | 0.02 |
| Concurrent use of psychotropic drugs | 44 (8.2) | 16 (4.3) | 28 (16.7) | <0.001 | 27 (6.1) | 17 (17.7) | <0.001 |
| HBA1C < 7.0 % (53 mmol/L) | 218 (40.0) | 181 (40.4) | 37 (38.1) | 0.681 | 187 (41.6) | 31 (32.3) | 0.089 |
| LDL-C < 2.6 mmol/L | 312 (57.2) | 255 (56.9) | 57 (58.8) | 0.739 | 252 (56.1) | 60 (62.5) | 0.252 |
| BP < 130/80 mmHg | 206 (37.8) | 173 (38.6) | 33 (34.0) | 0.397 | 175 (39.0) | 31 (32.3) | 0.22 |
PHQ-9 Patients Health Questionnaire-9, CES-D 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression, SMBG Self-monitoring of blood glucose, BP Blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACR albumin-to-creatinine ratio, OAD Oral antidiabetic drugs
Data are shown as mean ± SD, number (%) or median (interquartile range)
The definitions of risk factors and complications were as follows: hypertension = known high blood pressure with or without treatment and/or blood pressure ≥ 130/80 mmHg; dyslipidaemia = LDL-C ≥ 2.6mmol/L, HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/L, triglycerides ≥ 2.3 mmol/L, or on any lipid-lowering agents; albuminuria = sport urine albumin/creatinine ratio ≥ 2.5 mg/mmol in men or ≥ 3.5 mg/mmol in women; chronic kidney disease = eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, cardiovascular disease = coronary heart disease, stroke, and/or peripheral vascular disease