Snus (Swedish) |
Europe (Region A) |
Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden) |
Water, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, moisturisers, flavouring |
A heat treatment process; placed between the gum and upper lip |
6.6–7.2 |
7.8–15.2 |
601–723 |
Plug, Snuff (US), Snus (US) |
Americas (Region A and B) |
US, Canada, Mexico |
Sweeteners, liquorice |
Plug; air cured |
4.7–7.8 |
3.9–40.1 |
313–76,500 |
Dry or moist snuff; finely ground and fire cured |
Snus; steam cured |
Snuff; kept between lip and gum, dry snuff can be inhaled too |
Chimó |
Americas (Region B) |
Venezuela, Colombia |
Sodium bicarbonate, brown sugar, Mamo’n tree ashes |
Tobacco paste made from tobacco leaves; placed between the lip or cheek and gum and left there for some time |
6.9–9.4 |
5.3–30.1 |
9390 |
Nass (Naswar) |
Europe (Region B) and Eastern Mediterranean (Region D) |
Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran |
Lime, ash, flavourings (cardamom), indigo |
Sundried and powdered; placed between lip or cheek and gum |
8.4–9.1 |
8.9–14.2 |
478–1380 |
Tambook |
Eastern Mediterranean (Region D) and Africa (Region D) |
Sudan, Chad |
Mixed with moist sodium bicarbonate |
Fermented and grounded; placed and kept in mouth |
7.3–10.1 |
9.6–28.2 |
302,000–992,000 |
Snuff (North and West African) |
Africa (Region D) |
Nigeria, Ghana, Algeria, Cameroon, Chad, Senegal |
Dried tobacco leaves mixed with potassium nitrate and other salts |
Dry snuff; finely ground and inhaled as a pinch |
9.0–9.4 |
2.5–7.4 |
1520–2420 |
Moist snuff is placed in mouth |
Snuff (South African) |
Africa (Region E) |
South Africa |
Dried tobacco leaves mixed with ash |
Dry snuff; finely ground and inhaled as a pinch |
6.5–10.1 |
1.2–17.2 |
1710–20,500 |
Khaini |
South East Asia (Regions B and D) Western Pacific (Region B) Eastern Mediterranean (Region D) Europe (Region A) |
India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan |
Slaked lime, menthol, flavourings, areca nut |
Shredded; kept in mouth between lips and gum |
9.6–9.8 |
2.5–4.8 |
21,600–23,900 |
Zarda |
Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Nepal, Maldives, Sri Lanka, UK |
Served wrapped in a betel leaf with lime, catechu, areca nuts |
Shredded tobacco leaves are boiled with lime and saffron; the mixture is dried then chewed and spat |
5.2–6.5 |
9.5–30.4 |
5490–53,700 |
Gutkha |
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, UK |
Betel nut, catechu, flavourings, sweeteners |
Commercially manufactured; sucked, chewed, and spat |
7.4–8.9 |
0.2–4.2 |
83–23,900 |