Table 2.
Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in different countries of the world according to WHO sub-regional classification
| WHO sub-regions | Country | M | F | Source | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa (Region D) | Algeria | 21 | 0.4 | STEPS [38] | 2005 |
| Benin | 12.7 | 5.7 | STEPS [38] | 2008 | |
| Burkina Faso | – | 3.86 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
| Cameroon | 1.94 | 0.94 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
| Cape Verde | 3.5 | 5.8 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
| Chad | 1.9 | 0.4 | STEPS [38] | 2008 | |
| Comoros | 7.72 | 2.99 | DHS [39] | 2012 | |
| Gabon | 0.48 | 0.34 | DHS [39] | 2012 | |
| Gambia | 0.8 | 1.4 | STEPS [38] | 2010 | |
| Ghana | 1.33 | 0.2 | DHS [39] | 2008 | |
| Guinea | 1.4 | 1.5 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
| Liberia | 2.3 | 2.4 | DHS [40] | 2007 | |
| Madagascar | 24.66 | 19.6 | DHS [39] | 2009 | |
| Mali | 5 | 1.2 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
| Mauritania | 5.7 | 28.3 | STEPS [38] | 2006 | |
| Niger | 4.55 | 2.3 | DHS [39] | 2012 | |
| Nigeria | 3.2 | 0.5 | DHS [40] | 2008 | |
| Sao Tome & Principe | 3.8 | 1.9 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
| Senegal | 6.63 | 0.23 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
| Sierra Leone | 3 | 12 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
| Togo | 5.1 | 2.2 | STEPS [38] | 2010 | |
| Africa (Region E) | Botswana | 7.2 | 14.5 | STEPS [38] | 2007 |
| Burundi | 0.03 | 0.31 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
| Congo (Brazzaville) | 8.3 | 1.54 | DHS [39] | 2012 | |
| Congo (Republic) | 8.67 | 3.22 | DHS [39] | 2013 | |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 0.61 | 1.27 | DHS [39] | 2012 | |
| Eritrea | 5.8 | 0.2 | STEPS [38] | 2004 | |
| Ethiopia | 1.94 | 0.2 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
| Kenya | 2.05 | 1.29 | DHS [39] | 2008 | |
| Lesotho | 1.3 | 9.1 | DHS [40] | 2009 | |
| Malawi | 1.9 | 5 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
| Mozambique | 10.94 | 0.82 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
| Namibia | 1.8 | 2.3 | DHS [40] | 2006–07 | |
| Rwanda | 5.8 | 2.73 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
| South Africa | 2.4 | 10.9 | DHS [41] | 2003 | |
| Swaziland | 2.6 | 0.8 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
| Tanzania | 2.03 | 0.83 | DHS [39] | 2010 | |
| Uganda | 2.94 | 1.5 | DHS [39] | 2011 | |
| Zambia | 0.3 | 1.2 | DHS [39] | 2007 | |
| Zimbabwe | 1.6 | 0.4 | DHS [41] | 2011 | |
| Americas (Region A) | Canada | 2 | – | ICS [41] | 2011 |
| USA | 6.5 | 0.4 | ICS [41] | 2010 | |
| Americas (Region B) | Argentina | 0.1 | 0.2 | GATS [42] | 2012 |
| Barbados | 0 | 0.6 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
| Brazil | 0.6 | 0.3 | GATS [42] | 2010 | |
| Dominican Republic | 1.9 | 0.3 | DHS [40] | 2007 | |
| Grenada | 2.2 | 0.3 | STEPS [38] | 2011 | |
| Mexico | 0.3 | 0.3 | GATS [42] | 2009 | |
| Paraguay | 3 | 1.6 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
| St Kitts & Nevisa | 0.3 | 0.1 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
| Trinidad & Tobago | 0.5 | 0.3 | STEPS [38] | 2011 | |
| Venezuela | 6.2 | 0.9 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
| Americas (Region D) | Haiti | – | 2.5 | DHS [40] | 2005–06 |
| Eastern Mediterranean (Region B) | Libya | 2.2 | 0.1 | STEPS [38] | 2009 |
| Saudi Arabia | 1.3 | 0.5 | STEPS [38] | 2004 | |
| Tunisia | 8.6 | 2.2 | ICS [41] | 2005–06 | |
| Eastern Mediterranean (Region D) | Egypt | 4.8 | 0.3 | GATS [42] | 2009 |
| Iraq | 1.6 | 0.3 | STEPS [38] | 2006 | |
| Pakistan | 16.3 | 2.44 | DHS [43] | 2012–13 | |
| Sudan | 24.1 | 1 | STEPS [38] | 2005 | |
| Yemen | 15.1 | 6.2 | ICS [41] | 2003 | |
| Europe (Region A) | Austria | 7.8 | 1.1 | SEBS [44] | 2012 |
| Belgium | 1.1 | 0.6 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Cyprus | 2.1 | 0.4 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Czech Republic | 2.5 | 0.4 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Denmark | 3 | 1 | ICS [41] | 2010 | |
| Finland | 5.5 | 0.3 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
| France | 1.2 | 0.6 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Germany | 3.4 | 3.4 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Iceland | 5.97 | – | ICS [41] | 2008 | |
| Ireland | 2.2 | 0.9 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Italy | 1.8 | 1.5 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Luxembourg | 1.8 | 1 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Malta | 5.5 | 1.5 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Netherlands | 0.3 | 0.1 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
| Norway | 20 | 6 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
| Portugal | 4.4 | 1.1 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Slovenia | 1.8 | 0.4 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Spain | 0.4 | 0.2 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Sweden | 24 | 7 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
| Switzerland | 4 | 1.3 | ICS [41] | 2011 | |
| United Kingdom | 1.6 | 0.5 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Europe (Region B) | Ajerbaijan | 0.3 | 0 | DHS [40] | 2006 |
| Armenia | 1.8 | 0 | DHS [40] | 2005 | |
| Bulgaria | 0.3 | 0 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Georgia | 1 | 0.2 | ICS [41] | 2010 | |
| Kyrgyzstan | 7 | 0.3 | ICS [41] | 2006 | |
| Poland | 1 | 0.1 | GATS [42] | 2009 | |
| Romania | 0.4 | 0.2 | GATS [42] | 2011 | |
| Slovakia | 3.9 | 0.7 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Uzbekistan | 31.8 | 0.2 | DHS [40] | 2002 | |
| Europe (Region C) | Latvia | 5.8 | 0.9 | ICS [41] | 2010 |
| Lithuania | 1.2 | 0.2 | SEBS [44] | 2012 | |
| Moldova | 0.1 | 0 | DHS [40] | 2005 | |
| Russia | 1 | 0.2 | GATS [42] | 2009 | |
| Ukraine | 0.5 | 0 | GATS [42] | 2010 | |
| South East Asia (Region B) | Indonesia | 1.5 | 2 | GATS [42] | 2011 |
| Sri Lanka | 24.9 | 6.9 | STEPS [38] | 2006 | |
| Thailand | 1.1 | 5.2 | GATS [42] | 2011 | |
| South East Asia (Region D) | Bangladesh | 26.4 | 27.9 | GATS [42] | 2009 |
| Bhutan | 21.1 | 17.3 | STEPS [38] | 2007 | |
| India | 32.9 | 18.4 | GATS [42] | 2009 | |
| Maldives | 5.6 | 2.6 | STEPS [38] | 2011 | |
| Myanmar | 51.4 | 16.1 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
| Nepal | 37.9 | 6 | DHS [41] | 2011 | |
| Timor Leste | 2.48 | 1.93 | DHS [43] | 2009–10 | |
| Western Pacific (Region A) | Australia | 0.75 | 0.41 | ICS [45] | 2004 |
| Western Pacific (Region B) | Cambodia | 2.2 | 14.8 | STEPS [38] | 2010 |
| China | 0.7 | 0 | GATS [42] | 2010 | |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 14.6 | 1.1 | STEPS [38] | 2008 | |
| Malaysia | 0.9 | 0.6 | GATS [42] | 2011 | |
| Micronesia | 22.4 | 3 | STEPS [38] | 2002 | |
| Mongolia | 2.8 | 0.5 | STEPS [38] | 2009 | |
| Philippines | 2.8 | 1.2 | GATS [42] | 2009 | |
| Vietnam | 0.3 | 2.3 | GATS [42] | 2010 |
DHS The Demographic and Health Surveys, ICS Individual Country Survey, GATS Global Adult Tobacco Survey, SEBS The Special Europe Barometer Survey, STEPS STEPwise approach to Surveillance
aPopulations of St Kitts and Nevis are tiny and unlikely to affect our estimates