Table 3. CKD risk factors among the study population as a whole and by renal functional status.
| Variable | n | Whole group (n = 359) | CKD– (n = 171) | CKD+ (n = 188) | p-value |
| HbAS (%) | 330 | 19 | 18 | 21 | 0.715 |
| Smoking (%) | 359 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 0.499 |
| Alcohol (%) | 359 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.763 |
| Overweigh/obesity (%) | 359 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 0.715 |
| MetS (%) | 359 | 27 | 24 | 31 | 0.007 |
| Anaemia (%) | 330 | 27 | 42 | 72 | 0.001 |
| Elevated PP (%) | 359 | 49 | 39 | 60 | 0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or relative frequency (%).
HbAS, sickle cell trait; MetS, the metabolic syndrome; PP, pulse pressure.