Table 5.
Results fMRI.
| Author | Methodology | Needling details | Control intervention | Technology | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | Handedness | Groups | Sessions | Points (uni-/bilateral) |
Needling depth | Manipulation | deqi | Retention time | Intervention 1 | Group 1 | Intervention 2 | Group 2 | Intervention 3 | Group 3 | Intervention 4 | Group 4 | Technical device | Software | |
| Bai et al. [44] | 16 | Right | 1 | 2 | ST36 (r) | 20–30 mm | 90 sec, 1 Hz | yes | 15 min | Manual | 16 | NAP | 16 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | ||||
| Cheng et al. [45] | 32 | Right | 2 | 2 | ST36 (r) | n/a | 90 sec, 1 Hz | n/a | 15 min | Manual | 16 | NAP | 16 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | ||||
| Cho et al. [46] | 10 | Right | 1 | 4 | LI11 (l), ST36 (l) | 15–20 mm | 3 × 30 sec, 2 Hz | yes | 180 sec | Manual | 10 | Cotton tip | 10 | 3 Tesla | SPM2 | ||||
| Dong et al. [47] | 39 | Right | 3 | 1 | GB37, BL60 | n/a | 2 × 30 sec, 1 Hz | yes | 3 min 40 sec | Manual | 13 | NAP | 13 | BL60 | 13 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | ||
| Feng et al. [48] | 14 | Right | 1 | 2 | ST36 (r) | n/a | 90 sec | yes | 15 min | Manual | 14 | NAP | 14 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | ||||
| Zyloney et al. [60] | 18 | Right | 1 | ST36 (l) | 15–25 mm | 2 × 60 sec + 1 × 300 sec, 1-2 Hz | yes | 10.5 min | Manual | 18 | vFrey | 18 | Electro | 18 | TEAS | 18 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | |
| Li et al. [49] | 22 | Right | 2 | 1 | GB37 | n/a | 2 × 30 sec | yes | 3 min | Manual | 11 | NAP | 11 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | ||||
| Liu et al. [50] | 18 | Right | 1 | 2 | ST36 (r) | 20–30 mm | 90 sec, 1 Hz | yes | 8.5 min | Manual | 18 | NAP | 18 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | ||||
| Jiang et al. [58] | 14 | n/a | 1 | 2 | ST36 (r) | 10–20 mm | 90 sec, 1 Hz | yes | 15 min | Manual | 14 | NAP | 14 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | ||||
| Liu et al. [51] | 18 | Right | 2 | 2 | ST36 | 15 mm | 3 × 60 sec, 2 Hz | Yes | 20 min | Manual | 9 | NAP | 9 | 1.5 Tesla | SPM5 | ||||
| Liu et al. [52] | 41 | Right | 4 | 1 | LR3 | 10 mm | 120 sec, 1 Hz | Yes | 2 min | Manual | 11 + 10 | NAP | 10 + 9 | 1.5 Tesla | SPM2 | ||||
| Liu et al. [53] | 22 | Right | 1 | 2 | GB37 | 20–30 mm | 2 × 60 sec, 1 Hz | Yes | 220 sec | Manual | 22 | NAP | 22 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | ||||
| Murase et al. [54] | 26 | Right | 2 | 1 | LI4 (r) | 15 mm | 4 × 15 sec, 1 Hz | n/a | 270 sec | Manual | 13 | vFrey | 13 | 1.5 Tesla | SPM8 | ||||
| Napadow et al. [55] | 18 | Right | 1 | 2 | ST36 (l), SP9 (l) | 20–30 mm | 2 sec, 1 Hz | Yes | 300 sec | Manual | 18 | vFrey | 18 | 3 Tesla | FSL, AFMI | ||||
| Yeo et al. [56] | 15 | Right | 1 | 2 | BL62 (r) | 10 mm | 2 × 30 sec, 2 Hz | Yes | 4 min | Manual | 15 | Blunt needle | 15 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | ||||
| You et al. [57] | 28 | Right | 2 | 1 | ST36 (r) | 15–25 mm | 120 sec, 1 Hz | Yes | 9 min | Manual | 14 | NAP | 14 | 3 Tesla | SPM5 | ||||
| Liu et al. [59] | 48 | Right | 4 | 1 | LI3 (r), LI4 (r) | 15 mm | 2 Hz | Yes | 25 min | Electro | n/a | Streitberger | n/a | 3 Tesla | n/a | ||||