Table 1. Studies Examining Post-Operative Eating Behavior (n=21).
Study | Bariatric procedure1 | Sample2 | Mean follow-up period | Assessment measures/methods | Weight loss at follow-up3 | Predictors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Batsis et al. 2009 | (A) RYGBP (B) Non-operative patients | (A) 148(268); Mage=46±11, dor=45% (B) 88(273); Mage=44±13, dor=68% | (A) 4.0±2.5 yrs. (B) 3.8±2.8 yrs. | Medical records, standardized questionnaires | %WL= (A) 31±11 (B) -0.2±23%EWL= (A) 59±21 (B) -2±57 | Eating self-efficacy post-operatively was associated with greater weight loss. |
Beck et al. 2012 | RYGBP | 45(67); 37 women, 8 men, Mage=43.6±9.16, dor=67% | 23.2±4.4 mos. | Standardized questionnaires, self-made questionnaires, self-reported weight | %EBMIL=35.43±10.69 | Binge eating predicted poorer weight loss outcomes. |
Bueter et al. 2007 | LAGB | 71(85); 69 women, 16 men, Mage=40, dor=16% | 27 mos. | Interview, standardized questionnaire | %EWL=43.2 | Change in eating behaviors post-surgery predicted increased weight loss. |
Burgmer et al. 2005 | VBG and LAGB | 118(149); 102 women, 47 men, Mage=38.8±10.3, dor=21% | 14±1.5 mos. | Standardized questionnaires, weight measurement | BMIL=12.8 | Lower post-operative ratings of disinhibited eating and hunger were associated with greater weight loss. Weight loss did not differ between those with and without binge episodes |
Colles et al. 2008 | LAGB | 129(173); 103 women, 26 men, Mage =45.2±11.5, dor=25% | 12 mos. | Semistructured clinical interviews, standardized questionnaires, self-made questionnaire | %WL=20.8±8.5, %EWL=50.0±20.7 | Uncontrolled eating and grazing predicted poorer weight loss 12-mos. post-surgery. Pre-surgery BED subjects were more likely to graze post-surgery. |
de Man Lapidoth et al. 2011 | RYGBP, LAGB, VBG, and BPDS | 130(173); 102 women, 28 men, Mage=40.6±9.2, dor=25% | 3 yrs. | Standardized questionnaires, weight measurements | NR | Pre- and post-operative binge eating was not associated with weight loss. |
de Zwaan et al. 2010 | RYGBP | 59(119); 50 women, 9 men, Mage=44.59±9.9, dor=50% | 1.9±4 yrs. | Structured interviews, height & weight measurements | %BMIL=36.3±8.4, %EBMIL=73.9±19.3 | Subjective binge episodes were significantly associated with pre-operative BED and with less weight loss. |
Faria et al. 2009 | RYGBP | 75; 60 women, 15 men, Mage=36.8±10.7 | 23±10.3 mos. | 4-day food intake record | %EWL=67.5±18.8 | Snack eating pattern associated with significantly worse weight loss outcome than normal eating. |
Kinzl et al. 2006 | LAGB | 140(220); 140 women, Mage=44, dor=37% | 50 mos. | Semistructured interview, standardized questionnaires | BMIL=14.6 | Patients with no eating disordered behavior pre-operatively had the lowest BMI loss. |
Kofman et al. 2010 | RYGBP | 497(695); 475 women, 22 men, Mage=43.2±8.4, dor=28% | 4.2 yrs. | Modified standardized questionnaires, self-reported weight | %EWL=70 | Frequency of binge-eating, loss of control when eating and grazing were significantly correlated with greater weight regain 3-10 years after surgery and lesser long-term EWL. |
Lanyon et al. 2009 | RYGBP | 79(243); Mage=NR, dor=67% | 3.2 yrs. | Interview, standardized questionnaires, self-made questionnaires | BMIL=0.15±3.68 | Dysfunctional eating behaviors 1 year post-operatively associated with poorer weight loss at 3 years post-operatively. |
Larsen et al. 2004 | LAGB | 250; 221 women, 29 men, Mage=39.6 | 16 and 42 mos. | Standardized questionnaires, self-reported weight | NR | Binge eating, fat intake, and external eating all decreased significantly post-operatively. Restrained eating and eating self-efficacy were significantly higher post-operatively. Post-operative binge eaters demonstrated poorer weight loss outcomes, consumed more fat, endorsed more external eating, emotional eating, and had lower eating self-efficacy. |
Latner et al. 2004 | LAGB | 65(150); 65 women, Mage=39.5, dor=57% | 16.4 mos. | Semistructured clinical interview, telephone follow-up interviews, standardized questionnaires | %EBMIL=71 | BED did not predict weight loss outcome. |
Laurenius et al. 2012 | RYGBP | 43; 31 women, 12 men, Mage=42.6±9.7 | 12 mos. | Standardized questionnaires, self-made questionnaire | NR | Emotional and uncontrolled eating were significantly decreased post-operatively. |
Scholtz et al. 2007 | LAGB | 29(37); 28 women, 1 man, Mage=39±9, dor=22% | 5 yrs. | Standardized questionnaires | %EWL<40%=24 (65%) patients | Post-operative BED and predicted poorer weight outcome but pre-surgical BED did not. |
Silver et al. 2006 | RYGBP | 140(212); 124 women, 16 men, Mage =45.2±9.9, dor=44% | 24.2±7.9 mos. | Self-made questionnaire, weight measurements | %WL=55.8±15.2 | Neither number of meals and snacks nor number of food groups avoided predicted weight loss. |
Sioka et al. 2013 | LSG | 94(110); (A) 10; 7 women, 3 men, Mage=38.2 ± 10.76 (B) 11; 11 women Mage=38 ± 9.96 (C) 11; 7 women, 4 men, Mage=42.1 ± 10.9 (D) 39; 31 women, 8 men, Mage=39.56 ± 9.15 (E) 23; 19 women, 4 men, Mage=40.39 ± 9.68 dor=15% | (A) <3 mos. (B) 3-6 mos. (C) 6-12 mos. (D) 12-24 mos. (E) 24-36 mos. | Standardized questionnaires | %EWL= (A) 31.7 ± 12.01 (B) 41.97 ± 8.97 (C) 59.43 ± 15.51 (D) 68.81 ± 19.3 (E) 62.73 ± 21.22 | Post-operative eating pattern was significantly correlated with %EWL. Binge eating and emotional eating associated with lowest EWL, normal eating and snacking associated with highest EWL. |
van Hout et al. 2007 | VBG | 91; 80 women, 11 men, Mage=38.6±8.3 | 12 mos. | Semi-structured interview, standardized questionnaires, self-made questionnaires | %EWL=61.5±27.5 | Changes in restrained eating accounted for largest proportion of variance in predicting EWL. Less restrained eating associated with superior weight loss outcomes. |
Wadden et al. 2011 | RYGBP and LAGB | (A) Surgery-BED: 36(51); 26 women, 10 men, Mage=47.0±1.6, dor=41% (B) Surgery-nonBED: 59(80); 49 women, 10 men, Mage=43.8±1.3, dor=36% (C) Non-surgery-BED: 49(51); 39 women, 10 men, Mage=43.8±1.4, dor=18% | 12 mos. | Semistructured interview, standardized questionnaires, weight measurements | %WL= (A) 22.1±1.7 (B) 24.2±1.3 (C) 10.3±1.5 | Pre-operative BED did not affect weight loss outcomes at 1 year. Presence of subjective binge eating did not impact weight loss at any timepoint. |
White et al. 2010 | RYGBP | 361; 311 women, 50 men, Mage=43.7±10.0 | 12 and 24 mos. | Standardized questionnaires, self-reported weight | NR | Pre-operative loss of control (LOC) eating did not predict postsurgical outcomes. Post-operatively, patients with LOC lost significantly less weight at 12 and 24 mo. follow-up. |
Wolfe et al. 2006 | RYGBP | 93(194); 170 women, 24 men, Mage=42.1±10.4, dor=52% | 78.4±35.7 weeks | Self-made questionnaire, weight measurements | NR | Planning and self-monitoring of food intake was not related to BMI lost. |
LAGB=laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, RYGBP=Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, LSG=laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, VBG=vertical banded gastroplasty, BPDS=biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch.
Sample presented as: post-operative N (pre-operative N, if relevant). DOR=percent lost to post-operative follow-up (if relevant). BED=binge eating disorder.
NR=not reported. All weight loss (WL) values in kilograms (kg). (%) EWL=(percent) excess weight lost. (%) EMBIL=(percent) excess body mass index lost. (%) BMIL=(percent) body mass index lost.