Table 2.
Associations of three measures of walking with geographic access to amenities and community-level socioeconomic characteristics.
| Characteristic | Community mean (SD) or percent | Community range (min., max) | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)1 |
SUEST test2
p-value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Walk at least 5 days per week | Recreation walk at least once per week | Utilitarian walk at least once per week | ||||
| Mean distances (km) from home block centroid to nearest amenities | ||||||
| Bus stop | 0.48 (0.31) | 0.20, 1.40 | 0.74 (0.52–1.04) | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) | 0.25 (0.15–0.43)∗∗ | <0.001 |
| Subway | 2.03 (1.42) | 0.47, 5.23 | 0.88 (0.79–0.97)∗∗ | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.69 (0.61–0.78)∗∗ | <0.001 |
| Hospital | 2.14 (1.41) | 0.56, 4.80 | 0.84 (0.76–0.94)∗∗ | 0.92 (0.84–1.02) | 0.69 (0.60–0.78)∗∗ | <0.001 |
| Shopping center or mall | 4.36 (1.71) | 1.16, 7.32 | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94)∗∗ | 0.002 |
| Post office | 1.89 (1.17) | 0.73, 4.75 | 0.82 (0.73–0.92)∗∗ | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.64 (0.55–0.74)∗∗ | <0.001 |
| Public park (≥1 acre) | 0.57 (0.23) | 0.28, 1.10 | 0.77 (0.53–1.13) | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 0.41 (0.26–0.64)∗∗ | 0.02 |
| Grocery/convenience store | 0.78 (0.44) | 0.22, 1.65 | 0.77 (0.61–0.99)∗ | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 0.26 (0.17–0.39)∗∗ | <0.001 |
| Town hall | 3.69 (1.44) | 1.49, 7.09 | 0.93 (0.86–1.02) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94)∗∗ | 0.03 |
| Public library | 1.18 (0.54) | 0.62, 2.49 | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 0.65 (0.50–0.83)∗∗ | 0.002 |
|
| ||||||
| Community-level socioeconomic factors | ||||||
| Median household income ($10,000) | 7.9 (3.3) | 2.9, 12.7 | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.87 (0.77–0.99)∗ | <0.001 |
| % below federal poverty level | 9.3 (8.1) | 1.5, 28.8 | 1.25 (0.99–1.57) | 1.07 (0.88–1.30) | 1.66 (1.00–2.77) | 0.007 |
| % of adults unemployed | 19.0 (5.1) | 11.8, 28.4 | 1.07 (0.71–1.61) | 1.12 (0.81–1.53) | 1.06 (0.43–2.62) | 0.38 |
| % college graduates | 54.4 (24.2) | 12.3, 82.0 | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.01 (0.83–1.22) | 0.88 |
| % of housing units owner-occupied | 56.3 (21.5) | 23.7, 89.2 | 0.89 (0.82–0.97)∗∗ | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.73 (0.63–0.86)∗∗ | <0.001 |
| % housing units vacant, referent <5% | 6.5 (2.9) | 3.1, 12.5 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 5–10% | 1.59 (1.11–2.29)∗ | 1.29 (0.92–1.82) | 3.14 (1.42–6.97)∗∗ | <0.001 | ||
| >10% | 1.31 (0.83–2.07) | 1.21 (0.79–1.84) | 2.05 (0.75–5.61) | |||
| % minority (non-White), referent <20% | 34.9 (28.0) | 9.6, 93.9 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 20–50% | 1.63 (1.13–2.36)∗∗ | 1.36 (0.96–1.93) | 3.98 (1.85–8.54)∗∗ | <0.001 | ||
| >50% | 1.06 (0.69–1.63) | 1.25 (0.84–1.85) | 1.74 (0.73–4.13) | |||
∗ p < 0.05.
∗∗ p < 0.01.
1Odds ratio estimates adjusted for personal characteristics.
2Seemingly-unrelated estimation testing the hypothesis that the odds ratio in the recreational walking regression equals that in the utilitarian walking regression.